–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏—è –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–ª–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã (–ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–æ–∫ –£–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π). 4 –∏—é–ª—è 1968 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∞ –∏–º—è –≤—ã–¥–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–∞ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã – –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏—è –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä–∞ (–Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∞—è —Ñ–∞–º–∏–ª–∏—è –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä–∞ – –ì–æ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤) (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1904-1941).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ê. –ü. –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä–∞:
“–ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä” –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–¥–µ —Å –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç “–≤—Å–∞–¥–Ω–∏–∫, –≤—ã—Å–ª–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤–ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥”. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –ø—Å–µ–≤–¥–æ–Ω–∏–º –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–º —Ä–∞—Å–∫—Ä—ã–ª –µ–≥–æ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä – —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –∏ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è. –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–π –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–µ–º—å–µ —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –õ—å–≤–æ–≤–µ –ö—É—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –î–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –ê—Ä–∑–∞–º–∞—Å–µ. –£—á–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ. –£–∂–µ –≤ 13 –ª–µ—Ç —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –≤ —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏. –ù–µ –ø–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞–º —Ä–æ—Å–ª—ã–π, —Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤ —Å–≤–æ–π –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç, –æ–Ω –≤ 1918 –≥–æ–¥—É, –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Ü–µ–º –∑–∞—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω –≤ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—É—é –ê—Ä–º–∏—é. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –≥–æ–¥ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª –ø–µ—Ö–æ—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∫—É—Ä—Å—ã –∏ –≤ 16 –ª–µ—Ç —É–∂–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–º. –í 1924 –≥–æ–¥—É, –∏–∑-–∑–∞ –±–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–∏, –≤ —Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Ç—É–∑–∏–∏ –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã – –±—ã–ª –¥–µ–º–æ–±–∏–ª–∏–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω –∏–∑ –∞—Ä–º–∏–∏.
–û–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –µ–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–æ–≤ “–†–í–°” (1926) –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–º –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏–ª –µ–≥–æ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–∏–π –ø—É—Ç—å – –ø—É—Ç—å –∫ –¥–µ—Ç—è–º. –ï–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã, –∫–æ—Ä—Ä–µ—Å–ø–æ–Ω–¥–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∏, —Ñ–µ–ª—å–µ—Ç–æ–Ω—ã –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–∞—Ö –ü–µ—Ä–º–∏, –ê—Ä—Ö–∞–Ω–≥–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∞, –î–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–≥–æ –í–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫–∞. –ú–∞–ª–µ–Ω—å–∫–∏–µ –≥–µ—Ä–æ–∏ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ “–î–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã” (1932) –º–µ—á—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –æ —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–∫–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–∫, –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏—Ö –¥–µ–ª–∞—Ö, “–¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞—Ö”. –° —É–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∏ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º —Ç–∞–∫—Ç–æ–º –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–ª –≤–∑—Ä–æ—Å–ª—ã—Ö –∏ –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π –æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ —Å—Å–æ—Ä, –æ—Ç “–∑–ª—ã—Ö, —Å–µ—Ä—ã—Ö –º—ã—à–µ–π”, –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–±—Ä–∞–≤—à–∏—Å—å –≤ –¥–æ–º, –ø–æ–¥—Ç–æ—á–∏—Ç—å —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å–µ. (“–ì–æ–ª—É–±–∞—è —á–∞—à–∫–∞”, 1936).
–ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –¥–≤—É—Ö –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ “–ß—É–∫ –∏ –ì–µ–∫” (1939) –ø–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –æ –ª—é–±–≤–∏ –∫ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –†–æ–¥–∏–Ω–µ. –ù–∞–∏–±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∞ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç—å –ê. –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä–∞ “–¢–∏–º—É—Ä –∏ –µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞” (1940). –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ, –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–ª–æ—Å—å —Ç–∏–º—É—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–µ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–π –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä –æ–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö –ø–æ–¥–º–µ—Ç–∏–ª –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π –∫ —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–∫–µ. –° –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ–º –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–π –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –∏–¥–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ —Ñ—Ä–æ–Ω—Ç —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∫–æ—Ä—Ä–µ—Å–ø–æ–Ω–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º “–ö–æ–º—Å–æ–º–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥—ã”. –ì–∞–∑–µ—Ç–∞ –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫—É–µ—Ç –µ–≥–æ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ—á–µ—Ä–∫–∏ “–ú–æ—Å—Ç” (1941), “–£ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø—Ä–∞–≤—ã” (1941).
–û—Å–µ–Ω—å—é 1941 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–π –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ —Ç—ã–ª—É –≤—Ä–∞–≥–∞, —Å—Ç–∞–≤ –ø—É–ª–µ–º–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–æ–º –≤ –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –æ—Ç—Ä—è–¥–µ. 26 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1941 –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—è –¥–æ–∑–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–º –≤–ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—ã –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∑–∞–Ω, –æ–Ω –Ω–∞—Ç–∫–Ω—É–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –∑–∞—Å–∞–¥—É –Ω–µ–º—Ü–µ–≤ –∏ —Å–ø–∞—Å–∞—è –ª—é–¥–µ–π –ø–æ–≥–∏–±. –ê. –ü. –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä –ø–æ—Ö–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ–Ω –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –ö–∞–Ω–µ–≤–µ –Ω–∞ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–º –¥–Ω–µ–ø—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –°—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç—Ä—É–±–æ—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
2. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ —É–≥–ª–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –ú–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–π
3. –ë–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
4. –ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—ã —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏
5. –ü–µ—Ä–µ—É–ª–æ–∫ –ì–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ