–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–∞—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–∞—è –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –∏ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –ü—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã – –¢–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è, –¢—Ä–æ–∏—Ü–∫–∞—è (—Å 1850-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤). 13 —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1925 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ—è –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤–∞ (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1888-1922).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ê. –ü. –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤–∞:
–ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–π –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∞, –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –û –µ–≥–æ —Ä–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è—Ö –Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ –Ω–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ, —É—Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª –µ–≥–æ –±—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫—Å–∫–∏–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–π-—Å–ª–µ—Å–∞—Ä—å, –¥–∞–≤ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ—é —Å–≤–æ—é —Ñ–∞–º–∏–ª–∏—é –∏ –æ—Ç—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –ò–∑-–∑–∞ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–π —Å—É–º–µ–ª –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç—Ä–∏ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∞ —à–∫–æ–ª—ã, —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª “–º–∞–ª—å—á–∏–∫–æ–º” –≤ –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω–µ, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –∏ –ø–æ–º–æ—â–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º —Å–ª–µ—Å–∞—Ä—è. –° “—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏–¥–µ—è–º–∏” –µ–≥–æ –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –ø–æ–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º–∏–ª–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–µ, –≤—ã—Å–ª–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∏–∑ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–∞ –≤ –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫. –°–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏—è —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∫–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∏ —Å–æ–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ 17-–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ—è –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤–∞. –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —É–µ—Ö–∞–ª –≤ –¢–∞—à–∫–µ–Ω—Ç. –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª —Ç–∞–º —Å–ª–µ—Å–∞—Ä–µ–º –≤ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö.
–í 1906 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –†–°–î–†–ü –∏ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é. –ü–æ—Ç–æ–º –Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—ã, –≤—ã—Å—ã–ª–∫–∞ –∏–∑ –¢–∞—à–∫–µ–Ω—Ç–∞. –ë–µ—Å–∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω—ã–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–µ–∑–¥—ã –≤ –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã, –ø—Ä–µ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–∏. –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤, –ß–µ–ª—è–±–∏–Ω—Å–∫, –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥, –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫… –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ —Ç—Ä–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–∞ –≤ –ì–µ—Ä–º–∞–Ω–∏–∏. –ê –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 1914 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–ª –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É. –ë–æ–ª—å—à–µ–≤–∏–∫–∏ –¢—Ä—É–±–æ—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞—é—Ç —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ —ç–ª–µ–∫—Ç—Ä–æ–º–µ—Ö–∞–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫—É—é. –ü–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–π–Ω—ã–π –ø—Å–µ–≤–¥–æ–Ω–∏–º –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤–∞ – “–ì–∞–ª—å”. –ó–∞ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ “…–≤ –≤–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤–∫–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏—Ö –≤ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫—Ä—É–∂–∫–∏ –¥–ª—è —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏” –µ–≥–æ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç –≤ —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ 1916 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤ —Å–æ—Å–ª–∞–Ω –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∏ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –ò—Ä–∫—É—Ç—Å–∫—É—é –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—é.
–ù–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º –∑–∞—Å–µ–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–º–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏—Ö –¥–µ–ø—É—Ç–∞—Ç–æ–≤ 21 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1917 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≤—ã–±–∏—Ä–∞—é—Ç –∑–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –ø—Ä–µ–∑–∏–¥–∏—É–º–∞. –í –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª–µ – —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –≥—É–±–∫–æ–º–∞ –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∏. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—å—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏, –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª—Å—è 1-–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π —Å—ä–µ–∑–¥ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç–æ–≤, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤. –û–Ω –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –≥—É–±–∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–º–∞ –∏ —Ä–µ–≤–∫–æ–º–∞. –í–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±–µ–ª–æ—á–µ—à—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ –∏—é–Ω—è 1918 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–æ–≤—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –∞—Ä—Ç–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä–∏–π—Å–∫—É—é –æ–±–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—É –∏ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥—É–µ—Ç –æ–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ –æ—Ç—Ä—è–¥–æ–≤, –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —ç–≤–∞–∫—É–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –∏–∑ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –¥–ª—è –ø–æ–¥–ø–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã. –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –ë–æ–≥–¥–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –ª–∏–Ω–∏—é —Ñ—Ä–æ–Ω—Ç–∞ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –ü–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫ (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ –≠–Ω–≥–µ–ª—å—Å).
7 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1918 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É, —Å –±–æ—è–º–∏ –≤–æ—à–ª–∏ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ 1-–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–∏–≤–∏–∑–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª –°. –ü. –ó–∞—Ö–∞—Ä–æ–≤, –∞ –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∞—Ä–æ–º –±—ã–ª –ê. –ü. –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤. –û–Ω –∏–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –≥—É–±—Ä–µ–≤–∫–æ–º–∞, –∞ 21 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1919 –≥–æ–¥–∞ – –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥—É–±–∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–º–∞, —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –≥—É–±–∫–æ–º–∞ –†–ö–ü. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ –æ–Ω –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ —Å –í. –ò. –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—ã–º, —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –µ–º—É –æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–µ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ–≤–∏–∫–æ–≤, –æ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è—Ö –≤ –∑–∞–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∫–µ –∏ –≤—ã–≤–æ–∑–µ —Ö–ª–µ–±–∞. –í—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –æ–Ω –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—Å–æ–±–æ —É–ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–º–æ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –í–¶–ò–ö –ø–æ —Ä–µ–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ —É–±–æ—Ä–∫–∏ —É—Ä–æ–∂–∞—è –≤ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –í –∏—é–ª–µ 1920 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –¶–ö –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∏ –æ—Ç–æ–∑–≤–∞–ª –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –∏–∑ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –û–Ω —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –°—Ç–∞–≤—Ä–æ–ø–æ–ª–µ, –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ä–µ, –†–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–µ, –∞ —Å –æ—Å–µ–Ω–∏ 1921 –≥–æ–¥–∞ – –≤ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏ – –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –≥–æ—Ä–∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–º–∞, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä–µ–º –æ–±–∫–æ–º–∞ –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∏. 5 –∏—é–Ω—è 1922 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—Å—å –≤ —Å–ª—É–∂–µ–±–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–µ, –ì–∞–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –ø–æ–≥–∏–±–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –∞–≤–∏–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∫–∞—Ç–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –í–æ–π–∫–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
2. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –í–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∏–Ω–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
3. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–∞ –í—ã—Å–æ—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
4. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –í–∏–ª–æ–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–∞—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
5. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –í–µ–Ω—Ü–µ–∫–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ