–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ –ö–∏—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –°—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã – –¢–∏—Ö–æ–æ–∫–µ–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è.¬† –ò–º—è –ú. –¢. –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç –∏ —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –≤ –ñ–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ, –≤ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–µ –®–º–∏–¥—Ç–∞. –≠—Ç–æ –±—ã–≤—à–∏–π 2-–π –ó–∞–ø–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ—É–ª–æ–∫, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π 8 –∏—é–ª—è 1926 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞ –∏ –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞ –í. –ò. –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ – –ú–∞—Ä–∫–∞ –¢–∏–º–æ—Ñ–µ–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞ (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1863-1919).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ú. –¢. –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞:
–ú–∞—Ä–∫ –¢–∏–º–æ—Ñ–µ–µ–≤–∏—á —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –ë–µ—Å—Ç—É–∂–µ–≤–∫–∞ –ù–æ–≤–æ-–ö–æ—Å—Ç—ã—á–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, –≤ —Å–µ–º—å–µ –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—à–∏–Ω—ã, –±—ã–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–∏–Ω–∞. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —à–∫–æ–ª—ã –≤ –û–±—à–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∫–µ, —É—á–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª –≤ 1882 –≥–æ–¥—É. –ü–æ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–µ, —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–π —Å—Ö–æ–¥ –ë–µ—Å—Ç—É–∂–µ–≤–∫–∏ –≤—ã–Ω–µ—Å “—É–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä” –æ –µ–≥–æ –≤—ã–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ –∏–∑ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è. –≠—Ç–æ –¥–∞–ª–æ –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º—É —Å—ã–Ω—É –≤ —Ç–æ–º –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∏–∑–∏–∫–æ-–º–∞—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π —Ñ–∞–∫—É–ª—å—Ç–µ—Ç –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞. –í —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–µ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –ø–æ–¥—Ä—É–∂–∏–ª—Å—è —Å –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–º –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º. –í—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –æ–Ω –ø–æ–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º–∏–ª—Å—è –∏ —Å –µ–≥–æ —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π –ê–Ω–Ω–æ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —É—á–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ –í—ã—Å—à–∏—Ö –ë–µ—Å—Ç—É–∂–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫—É—Ä—Å–∞—Ö. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏—è —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞, –≤ 1886 –≥–æ–¥—É, –ú–∞—Ä–∫ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫—É—é –∫–∞–∑–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –ø–∞–ª–∞—Ç—É. –í –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä–µ 1886 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–º –∏ –ê–Ω–Ω–æ–π –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º–∏, –æ–Ω —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –≤ –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–µ–º–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –ø–æ –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥—É 25-–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è —Å–æ –¥–Ω—è —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –î–æ–±—Ä–æ–ª—é–±–æ–≤–∞.
–ü—Ä–∏ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –º–∞—Ä—Ç–µ 1887 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤ –µ–≥–æ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–Ω–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–∂–∫–µ –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–ª–∏ –∏ —Ñ–∞–º–∏–ª–∏—é –ú–∞—Ä–∫–∞ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞. –ú–∞—Ä–∫–∞ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏, –Ω–æ –∏–∑-–∑–∞ –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è —É–ª–∏–∫ –æ—Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ —Å–æ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã –µ–≥–æ —É–≤–æ–ª–∏–ª–∏. –ó–∞ –Ω–∏–º —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞–¥–∑–æ—Ä –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–∏. –í –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è 1887 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª —É–µ—Ö–∞—Ç—å –≤ —Ä–æ–¥–Ω—É—é –ë–µ—Å—Ç—É–∂–µ–≤–∫—É. –£–∑–Ω–∞–≤ –æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ–º–æ–π –≤—ã—Å—ã–ª–∫–µ –ê–Ω–Ω—ã –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –≤ –í–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω—É—é –°–∏–±–∏—Ä—å, –æ–Ω –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –¥–µ–ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–º–µ–Ω—Ç –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–∏ —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–æ–π –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ “–Ω–µ–≤–µ—Å—Ç—É –ê–Ω–Ω—É –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—É –≤ –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –∏–ª–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—é”.
–ü–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ —É—Å–∏–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ö–ª–æ–ø–æ—Ç –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏, –ê–Ω–Ω—É –≤—ã—Å–ª–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω—é –ö–æ–∫—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–æ (–ø–æ–¥ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—å). –í —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä–µ 1889 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ú–∞—Ä–∫ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –ø–æ –¥–æ–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ê–Ω–Ω—ã –∏ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–∞ –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö, –∫—É–ø–∏–ª —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–æ–∫ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ —Å –¥–æ–º–æ–º –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ –ê–ª–∞–∫–∞–µ–≤–∫–∏. 3 –º–∞—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–ª–∞ –∏–∑ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏ –ê–Ω–Ω–∞ –ò–ª—å–∏–Ω–∏—á–Ω–∞, –∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π –¥–µ–Ω—å –æ–Ω–∞ –∏ –ú–∞—Ä–∫ –¢–∏–º–æ—Ñ–µ–µ–≤–∏—á –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏ —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤ —Å–µ–º—å–∏ –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö. 28 –∏—é–ª—è 1889 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –¢—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—è–Ω–∫–∞ (–≤–±–ª–∏–∑–∏ –ê–ª–∞–∫–∞–µ–≤–∫–∏) —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–æ—Å—å –±—Ä–∞–∫–æ—Å–æ—á–µ—Ç–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ú–∞—Ä–∫–∞ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –ê–Ω–Ω—ã –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π. –û–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–∞–¥—å–±–µ –±—ã–ª –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤.
–ú. –¢. –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∏–º–µ–ª –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä—É –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –Ω–∞ –î–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ —É–ª. –ö—É–π–±—ã—à–µ–≤–∞, 7). –ü—Ä–∏–≤–µ–∑—Ç–∏ —Å—é–¥–∞ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥—É—é –∂–µ–Ω—É, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—â—É—é—Å—è –ø–æ–¥ –Ω–∞–¥–∑–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–∏, –±–µ–∑ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π –æ–Ω –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ–π—á–∏–≤—ã—Ö —Ö–ª–æ–ø–æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–æ. 26 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è –ê–Ω–Ω–∞ –ò–ª—å–∏–Ω–∏—á–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É. –ê –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –≤—Å—è —Å–µ–º—å—è –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ. –í 1893-1901 –≥–≥. –ú. –¢. –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –∂–∏–ª –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ, —Å–æ—Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–∏—á–∞–ª —Å –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª-–¥–µ–º–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∞–º–∏. –í –º–∞—Ä—Ç–µ 1901 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –µ–≥–æ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∏ –≤–æ—Å–µ–º—å –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –¢–∞–≥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Ç—é—Ä—å–º–µ.
–í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 1901 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ú. –¢. –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –≤—ã—Å–ª–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω—å. –í 1903 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω –≤—ã–µ–∑–∂–∞–ª –≤ –ñ–µ–Ω–µ–≤—É, –≥–¥–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–ª—Å—è —Å –í. –ò. –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—ã–º –∏ –ù. –ö. –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–æ–π. –í–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏ –æ–Ω, –∂–∏–≤—è –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ, –±—ã–ª –æ–¥–Ω–∏–º –∏–∑ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –í—Å–µ—Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞—á–∫–∏ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –í –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä–µ 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –µ–≥–æ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∏ –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –≤—ã—Å–ª–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω—å. –° –∏—é–ª—è 1906 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ –º–∞—Ä—Ç 1908 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ú. –¢. –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –∂–∏–ª –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, —Å–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä—ã –ø–æ –°–∞–¥–æ–≤–æ–π —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ N 140 (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ N 142) –∏ N 73 (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ 87/89). –û–Ω —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –≤ —Ä–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ü–∏–∏ –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –õ—É–∫–∞”, –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª –≤ –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –†–°–î–†–ü. –í 1909 -1914 –≥–≥. —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –≤ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã—Ö –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞—Ö, –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –µ–∑–¥–∏–ª –ø–æ –¥–µ–ª–∞–º —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã –ø–æ –°–∏–±–∏—Ä–∏, –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—é, —é–≥—É –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏.
–ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –†–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤ —Å—Ç–∞–ª –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –Ω–∞—Ä–∫–æ–º–æ–º –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è. –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –≤ –Ω–∞—Ä–∫–æ–º–∞—Ç–µ —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–≥–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–∫–æ–º–∞—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏. 20 —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1918 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Ä–∫–æ–º –ú. –¢. –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π —Ä–∞–∑ –±—ã–ª –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏. 10 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1919 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω —É–º–µ—Ä –æ—Ç —Å—ã–ø–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–∏—Ñ–∞.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –î–∞—Ä–≤–∏–Ω–∞
2. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –î–∞–Ω–∏–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ
3. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ì—É–±–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∞
4. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ì–µ–æ—Ä–≥–∏—è –î–∏–º–∏—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞
5. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –í–µ—Ä—ã –ó–∞—Å—É–ª–∏—á