–®–æ—Å—Å–µ –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–µ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–®–æ—Å—Å–µ –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ –ö–∏—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –≤ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–µ –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∞. –ù–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–æ —Ç–∞–∫ –±—ã–ª–æ 16 –∏—é–Ω—è 1953 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—è, –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–∞ – –ï–≤–≥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞ (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1865-1935).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ï. –ê. –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞:
–ï–≤–≥–µ–Ω–∏–π –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∏—á —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ, –≤ —Å–µ–º—å–µ –ø–æ—á–µ—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –° –¥–∏–ø–ª–æ–º–æ–º –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–π –∏–Ω–∂–µ–Ω–µ—Ä-–ø—É—Ç–µ–µ—Ü —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –ò—Ä–∫—É—Ç—Å–∫–µ, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Å 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ. –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –Ω–∞ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∞ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–æ-–ó–ª–∞—Ç–æ—É—Å—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏. –ü–æ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º —Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ – —ç—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∏–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ–ª–ª–∏–≥–µ–Ω—Ç, —Å –æ—Ç–∑—ã–≤—á–∏–≤—ã–º —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–æ–º. –û–Ω –∑–Ω–∞–ª –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —è–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤, –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–∞—Ö.
24 —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1908 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ï. –ê. –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤ –∏ –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø–∞ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤—É —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—å –∂–µ–ª–∞—é—â–∏—Ö –≤—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –≤ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–∞. –ú–µ—Å—Ç–æ –¥–ª—è –Ω–µ–≥–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –≤—ã–±—Ä–∞–Ω–æ –∫–∏–ª–æ–º–µ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö –≤ 20-—Ç–∏ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–µ–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –≥–æ–¥ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∏–∑ 670 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ. –ï–≤–≥–µ–Ω–∏–π –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∏—á —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –µ–≥–æ —É—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –∏–∑ 55 –ø–∞—Ä–∞–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–æ–≤. –í —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ 1909 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —É –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–∞–Ω–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ—Ç–µ–Ω–æ 338 —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω –∑–µ–º–ª–∏, –≤ –∫—Ä–µ–¥–∏—Ç –Ω–∞ 10 –ª–µ—Ç.
–ö –æ—Å–µ–Ω–∏ 1909 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–æ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∏, –ø–æ 30 —Å–æ—Ç–æ–∫ –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π. –£—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ –∂—Ä–µ–±–∏—é. –°–∞–º–æ–º—É –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤—É –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞–¥–µ–ª —Å –æ–≤—Ä–∞–∂–∫–æ–º. 30 –º–∞—è 1910 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–µ–∑–¥, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∏–π –∏–∑ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏ –≤–∞–≥–æ–Ω–æ–≤, –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–∞. –ö—Ä—É–≥–æ–º –±—ã–ª–∞ –≥–æ–ª–∞—è —Å—Ç–µ–ø—å, —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∫–æ–ª—ã—à–∫–∏ —Å –Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–∞–º–∏… –õ–µ—Ç–æ–º —Ç–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –ø–ª–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∞—è –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–∞. –ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü—É –≥–æ–¥–∞ 50 –¥–æ–º–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª–∏ –∑–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω—ã, –∞ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –≥–æ–¥ —É–∂–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –¥–≤—É—Ö—Å–æ—Ç. –ü–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è, –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è, —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∞ –∏–º—è –õ—å–≤–∞ –¢–æ–ª—Å—Ç–æ–≥–æ (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ –¢—Ä–∞–Ω–∑–∏—Ç–Ω–∞—è). –í—Å–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã –ø–æ –º–µ—Ä–µ –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏, –ø–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é –ï. –ê. –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞, –∏–º–µ–Ω–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π – –ü—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞, –î–æ—Å—Ç–æ–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ë–µ–ª–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ì–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞, –õ–µ—Ä–º–æ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞, –ì–æ–≥–æ–ª—è.
–£–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–ª –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–æ–º –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –ø–æ–¥ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –ï. –ê. –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞. –í 1915 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ –µ–≥–æ –∏–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–∞—Ç–∏–≤–µ –±—ã–ª –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω –∫–ª—É–±, –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∞ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞, –¥–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏–π —Å–∞–¥. –í –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–µ –¥–∞–∂–µ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞ –µ–∂–µ–Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–∞! –†–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –µ–µ –±—ã–ª –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤. –í—Å–µ —ç—Ç–∏ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –º–µ—Ä–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∑–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç –≤–∑–Ω–æ—Å–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π. –ó–∞ –∫–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∫–∏–π —Å—Ä–æ–∫ –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω—ã–π (–∫–∞–∂–¥–∞—è —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –∑–∞—Å–∞–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—å–µ–≤: –±–µ—Ä–µ–∑–∞–º–∏, —Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª—è–º–∏, —Å–æ—Å–Ω–∞–º–∏, –∫–ª–µ–Ω–∞–º–∏), —É—é—Ç–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–æ–∫, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∫–æ–π, – –≤ –∑–Ω–∞–∫ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —É–≤–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫ –µ–≥–æ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—é.
–í 1918 –≥–æ–¥—É –∑–∞ –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑ –æ—Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω—ã–µ –ø—É—Ç–∏ –¥–ª—è –±–µ–ª–æ—á–µ—Ö–æ–≤, –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –±—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω –≤ “–ø–æ–µ–∑–¥ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏”. –ß—É–¥–æ–º –µ–º—É —É–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –±–µ–∂–∞—Ç—å. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏—è –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã, –ï–≤–≥–µ–Ω–∏–π –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–µ–≤–∏—á —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—é—â–∏–º –í–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ—Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–æ–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–∑–æ–∫ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–æ-–ó–ª–∞—Ç–æ—É—Å—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏, —É–º–µ—Ä –≤ 1935 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ 70 –ª–µ—Ç. –ü–æ—Ö–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ–Ω –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –∫–ª–∞–¥–±–∏—â–µ. –î–æ—á—å –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞ – –¢–∞—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞ –ï–≤–≥–µ–Ω—å–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –ö—É–¥—Ä—è—à–æ–≤–∞ – –∂–∏–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π –ì–ª–∏–Ω–∫–µ. –¢—Ä–∏ —Å—ã–Ω–∞ –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–∏ –í–µ–ª–∏–∫—É—é –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –≤–æ–π–Ω—É, –¥–≤–æ–µ –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–µ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–ª–∏—Å—å –¥–æ–º–æ–π. –°—ã–Ω –∏ –¥–≤–æ–µ –≤–Ω—É–∫–æ–≤ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–π –ê—Ä–º–∏–∏. –ù—ã–Ω–µ –∏–º—è –ï. –ê. –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç –∏ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞ –≤ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–µ –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∞.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ò–≥–æ—Ä—è –ï–≥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞
2. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ñ—É–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ
3. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ñ–µ–ª—è–±–æ–≤–∞
4. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ñ–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–∏–≤–∏–∑–∏–∏
5. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞