–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ó–æ–∏ –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ó–æ–∏ –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∞ 18 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1979 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –ó–æ–∏ –ê–Ω–∞—Ç–æ–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω—ã –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1923-1941).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ó. –ê. –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π:
–ó–æ—è –ê–Ω–∞—Ç–æ–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω–∞ —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å 13 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1923 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ –û—Å–∏–Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –ì–∞–∏, –¢–∞–º–±–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å –ø–æ—à–ª–∞ –≤ —Å–∏–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–µ–ª–µ –®–∏—Ç–∫–∏–Ω–æ, –≥–¥–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –µ–µ —Ä–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏. –ê —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –≥–æ–¥ —Å–µ–º—å—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–µ—Ö–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É. –ó–æ–µ –±—ã–ª–æ 10 –ª–µ—Ç, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏–∂–Ω–æ —É–º–µ—Ä –µ–µ –æ—Ç–µ—Ü. –í –Ω–µ–π —É–∂–µ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∞—Å—å —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—è—è —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –∑–∞–º–µ—á–∞–ª–∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏. –û–Ω–∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ —á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∞, –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –µ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª–∞ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–∞—è –∫—Ä–∏—Ç–∏–∫–∞ XIX –≤–µ–∫–∞ – –ù. –ì. –ß–µ—Ä–Ω—ã—à–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π, –ù. –ê. –î–æ–±—Ä–æ–ª—é–±–æ–≤, –í. –ì. –ë–µ–ª–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π, –î. –ò. –ü–∏—Å–∞—Ä–µ–≤. –î—Ä—É–≥–æ–µ –µ–µ —É–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ – —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∞—è –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –∏ —Ñ–æ–ª—å–∫–ª–æ—Ä. –ü–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –≤–æ–π–Ω–æ–π, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ç—è–∂–µ–ª–æ–π –±–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–∏, –ó–æ—é –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –≤ —Å–∞–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–π “–°–æ–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∏”. –¢–∞–º –æ–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º–∏–ª–∞—Å—å —Å –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –ê—Ä–∫–∞–¥–∏–µ–º –ì–∞–π–¥–∞—Ä–æ–º. –û–Ω–∏ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –∫–∞—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—å–∫–∞—Ö, –ª—ã–∂–∞—Ö, –ø–µ–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏ –ø–æ –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä–∞–º –∏ –≤–µ–ª–∏ –±–µ—Å–µ–¥—ã.
–í 1941 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –±–æ–º–±–∞—Ä–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∏ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—ã. –ó–æ—è –∏–¥–µ—Ç –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—É—é –¥—Ä—É–∂–∏–Ω—É, –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä—å—é —à—å–µ—Ç –æ–±–º—É–Ω–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –¥–ª—è —Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç. –í—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –æ–Ω–∞, –Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ –Ω–µ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–≤ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏, —É—à–ª–∞ –∏–∑ –¥–æ–º–∞. –í–µ—á–µ—Ä–æ–º –º–∞—Ç—å —É–≤–∏–¥–µ–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ –ó–æ–∏ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—É—é –∫–Ω–∏–≥—É. –ü–æ–¥ –∏–ª–ª—é—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ—á–ª–∞: “–ü–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∑–∞–Ω –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã 1812 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏—Å–∞ –ö–æ–∂–∏–Ω–∞. –ë–æ–ª—å—à—É—é —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª–∞ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É…” –≠—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∞ –¢–∞—Ä–ª–µ “–ù–∞–ø–æ–ª–µ–æ–Ω”. –° –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1941 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ó–æ—è –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è – –±–æ–µ—Ü —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –≤–æ–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ ‚Ññ 9903. –ì—Ä—É–ø–ø–∞ –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å–∞ –ö—Ä–∞–π–Ω–æ–≤–∞, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞ –ó–æ—è, –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç—å –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –∑–∞–¥–∞—á—É: —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –∏ –¥–∏—Å–ª–æ–∫–∞—Ü–∏—é —Ä–µ–∑–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≤ 4-–π –∞—Ä–º–∏–∏ –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-—Ñ–µ–ª—å–¥–º–∞—Ä—à–∞–ª–∞ —Ñ–æ–Ω –ö–ª—é–≥–µ.
–í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è –ó–æ—è –ø–æ—à–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏–µ–º –ö–ª—É–±–∫–æ–≤—ã–º. –û–Ω–∏ –ø–æ–¥–æ–∂–≥–ª–∏ —Ç—Ä–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏—è, —É–∫—Ä—ã–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –æ–∫—Ä–∞–∏–Ω–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞ –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–≥—É —Å–µ–Ω–∞, –∞ –Ω–æ—á—å—é –ø—Ä–æ–±—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∏—â–µ–≤–æ. –ù–æ –∏—Ö –∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–∏–ª –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –ø—å—è–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω –°–≤–∏—Ä–∏–¥–æ–≤. –ó–æ—è –∏ –ö–ª—É–±–∫–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å—Ö–≤–∞—á–µ–Ω—ã. –ö–ª—É–±–∫–æ–≤ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª –∞–±–≤–µ—Ä–æ–≤—Ü–∞–º –≤—Å–µ – –∏ –æ–± –æ—Ç—Ä—è–¥–µ, –∏ –æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –∑–∞–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏, –∏ –æ –ó–æ–µ. –ó–æ—è –≤—Å–µ –æ—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü–∞–ª–∞. –ù–∞ –¥–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–µ –ó–æ—è –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –¢–∞–Ω–µ–π. –ó–æ—é –ê–Ω–∞—Ç–æ–ª—å–µ–≤–Ω—É –ø–æ–¥–≤–µ—Ä–≥–ª–∏ –ø—ã—Ç–∫–∞–º.. –ù–µ–º–µ—Ü–∫–∏–π —É–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä-–æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–µ—Ä –ö–∞—Ä–ª –ë–µ–π–µ—Ä–ª–µ–π–Ω, –≤–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ –ø–æ–ø–∞–≤—à–∏–π –≤ –ø–ª–µ–Ω, –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—è—Ö –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “.. .–ú–∞–ª–µ–Ω—å–∫–∞—è –≥–µ—Ä–æ–∏–Ω—è –≤–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∞. –û–Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å–∏–Ω–µ–ª–∞ –æ—Ç –º–æ—Ä–æ–∑–∞, —Ä–∞–Ω—ã –µ–µ –∫—Ä–æ–≤–æ—Ç–æ—á–∏–ª–∏, –Ω–æ –æ–Ω–∞ –Ω–µ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ.” 29 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è 1941 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ó–æ—é –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫—É—é –∫–∞–∑–Ω–∏–ª–∏..
–¢–∞–Ω–∫–∏—Å—Ç, –≥–≤–∞—Ä–¥–∏–∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—à–∏–π –ª–µ–π—Ç–µ–Ω–∞–Ω—Ç –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π, –±—Ä–∞—Ç –ó–æ–∏, –ø–æ–≥–∏–± 13 –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è 1945 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ø—Ä–∏ —à—Ç—É—Ä–º–µ –ö–µ–Ω–∏–≥—Å–±–µ—Ä–≥–∞. –°–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –∏ –±—Ä–∞—Ç – –ì–µ—Ä–æ–∏ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –°–æ—é–∑–∞. –ù–∞ –ú–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —à–æ—Å—Å–µ, —É –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∏—â–µ–≤–æ, —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω –ø–∞–º—è—Ç–Ω–∏–∫ –ó. –ê. –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π. –ï—â–µ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –ø–∞–º—è—Ç–Ω–∏–∫ –ó–æ–µ, —Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ. –° 1942 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –º–æ–≥–∏–ª–∞ –ó–æ–∏, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ù–æ–≤–æ–¥–µ–≤–∏—á—å–µ–º –∫–ª–∞–¥–±–∏—â–µ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ. –ù–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∏—â–µ–≤–æ, —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –º–µ–º–æ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –ø–ª–∏—Ç–∞. –í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ —à–∫–æ–ª–∞ N 170 –Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç –∏–º—è –ó–æ–∏ –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π, –∑–¥–µ—Å—å —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω –º—É–∑–µ–π –µ–µ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö–∞—Ä–±—ã—à–µ–≤–∞
2. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö–∞–ª–∏–Ω–∏–Ω–∞
3. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ò–≥–æ—Ä—è –ï–≥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞
4. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ñ—É–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ
5. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ñ–µ–ª—è–±–æ–≤–∞