–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –∏ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –°—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã – –ó–∞–æ–≤—Ä–∞–∂–Ω–∞—è, –°–æ–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—á—å—è, –®–µ—Ö–æ–±–∞–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫–∞—è, –ö—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è, –í–æ—Ä–æ—à–∏–ª–æ–≤–∞ (–¥–æ 3-4 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1957).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –í. –ò. –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∞:
–í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–ª—å–∏—á –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–ª –∏–∑ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏ 4 (16) –º–∞—è 1889 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä—å—é –ú–∞—Ä–∏–µ–π –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –∏ —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–º–∏. –ü–µ—Ä–µ–µ–∑–¥ –∏–∑ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏ –±—ã–ª –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º, —Ç. –∫. –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—É –≥—Ä–æ–∑–∏–ª –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ä–∞–∑–≥—Ä–æ–º–∞ –∫—Ä—É–∂–∫–∞ –ù. –ï. –§–µ–¥–æ—Å–µ–µ–≤–∞. –°–µ–º—å—è –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ —Ö—É—Ç–æ—Ä–µ —É –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏ –ê–ª–∞–∫–∞–µ–≤–∫–∞, –∫—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–æ–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ –ú. –¢. –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞. –õ–µ—Ç–æ–º —Å–µ–º—å—è –∂–∏–ª–∞ —Ç–∞–º, –∞ –∑–∏–º–æ–π –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ. –í–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π 1890 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä—É –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—É, –±—ã–ª–æ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—Ç—å –≤ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç. –ó–∞ –ø–æ–ª—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω —Å–∞–º–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–ª –≤–µ—Å—å –∫—É—Ä—Å —é—Ä–∏–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–∞–∫—É–ª—å—Ç–µ—Ç–∞, –Ω–∞ –∏–∑—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º –æ—Ç–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ –≥–æ–¥–∞. 15 (27) –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è 1891 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏—è –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É–¥–∏–ª–∞ –µ–º—É –¥–∏–ø–ª–æ–º –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏.
–° 30 —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è (11 —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è) 1892 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –í. –ò. –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–º–æ—â–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏—Å—è–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ê. –ù. –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞, –∞ 27 –∏—é–ª—è 1892 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–µ—Ç –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ–∂–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ “—Ö–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ —á—É–∂–∏–º —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω—ã–º –¥–µ–ª–∞–º”. 5 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ 1892 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –∑–∞ –∞–¥–≤–æ–∫–∞—Ç—Å–∫–∏–π —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏–∫, —Å–ª—É—à–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–µ–ª–æ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ –í. –§. –ú—É–ª–µ–Ω–∫–æ–≤–∞, –æ–±–≤–∏–Ω—è–≤—à–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –≤ “–±–æ–≥–æ—Ö—É–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ” –∏ –æ—Å–∫–æ—Ä–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ “–≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—è –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∏ –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞”. –° –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ –ø–æ –∏—é–Ω—å 1892 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª –≤ —Å—É–¥–µ —Å–µ–º—å —Ä–∞–∑, –ø–æ —É–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–Ω—ã–º –¥–µ–ª–∞–º. –í—Å–µ–≥–æ –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–ª 19 —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–ª. –í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–ª—å–∏—á –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–ª—Å—è —Å –ª—é–¥—å–º–∏ —Ä–∞–¥–∏–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–∑–≥–ª—è–¥–æ–≤, —Å–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–º–∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º–∏, –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–¥—à–∏–º–∏ —Å–∏–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫—É—é —Å—Å—ã–ª–∫—É.
–ß–∞—â–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ —ç—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–∏ –±–µ—Å–µ–¥—ã —Å –í. –ò. –ê–Ω–Ω–µ–Ω–∫–æ–≤—ã–º (—Å—ã–Ω–æ–º –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –ò. –ê. –ê–Ω–Ω–µ–Ω–∫–æ–≤–∞), —Å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω –ø–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–µ –≤ —Å—É–¥–µ (–í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –±—ã–ª –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–∫—Ä—É–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—É–¥–∞). –ß–∞—Å—Ç–æ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–ª—Å—è –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤ –∏ —Å –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –ê. –ò. –õ–∏–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º. –í —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–ª—å–∏—á —Ä–µ–∑–∫–æ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤, –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è, —Å—Ç–æ–ª–ø–æ–≤ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –ù. –ö. –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –í. –í. –ö–∞—Ä–µ–≤–∞ –∏ –¥—Ä. –°–æ–ª–∏–¥–Ω—ã–µ —Å–ª–æ–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –≤–∏–¥–µ–ª–∏ –≤–æ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–µ –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–µ (–≤—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª–∞ –ê. –ò. –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∞-–ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞) “–æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –Ω–æ —á–µ—Ä–µ—Å—á—É—Ä —Å–∞–º–æ–Ω–∞–¥–µ—è–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏ —Ä–µ–∑–∫–æ–≥–æ —é–Ω–æ—à—É”. –í —Å—Ä–µ–¥–µ –∂–µ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥—ã—Ö —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª – –¥–µ–º–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤ –æ–Ω –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –±–µ–∑–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–Ω—ã–º —É–≤–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º.
–ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω –≤–∑—è–ª—Å—è –∑–∞ –∏–∑—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤ –ú–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∞ –∏ –≠–Ω–≥–µ–ª—å—Å–∞, –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—è —Å –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∞–º–∏, –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª —Ä–µ—Ñ–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—ã –∏ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª —Å –Ω–∏–º–∏ –≤ –∫—Ä—É–∂–∫–∞—Ö —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ–∂–∏. –û–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö —Ä–µ—Ñ–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤ —Å—Ç–∞–ª –ø–æ–∑–¥–Ω–µ–µ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –ª–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã “–ù–æ–≤—ã–µ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏”. –î—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–∞ –≤–æ—à–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –≤ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É “–ß—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ “–¥—Ä—É–∑—å—è –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞” –∏ –≤ –∫–Ω–∏–≥—É “–†–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏–µ –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏–∑–º–∞ –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏”. –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–µ–ª —Å –Ω–µ–º–µ—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π —è–∑—ã–∫ “–ú–∞–Ω–∏—Ñ–µ—Å—Ç –ö–æ–º–º—É–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∏” –ö. –ú–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∞ –∏ –§. –≠–Ω–≥–µ–ª—å—Å–∞, —Ä—É–∫–æ–ø–∏—Å—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –∏–∑ —Ä—É–∫ –≤ —Ä—É–∫–∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –∏ –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω–∏.
–ï—â–µ —Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å, –∏–∑ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –í. –ò. –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ – —ç—Ç–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä—É–∂–∫–∞ –º–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤, –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –Ω–æ –∏ –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ–º –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º –∏ –ù–∏–∂–Ω–µ–º –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ. 20 –∞–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç–∞ (1 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è) 1893 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤ —É–µ–∑–∂–∞–µ—Ç –∏–∑ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥. –ü—Ä–æ–µ–∑–¥–æ–º –≤ —Å–∏–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫—É—é —Å—Å—ã–ª–∫—É, –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–ª—å–∏—á –∑–∞–µ–∑–∂–∞–ª –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É 25 —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1897 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π —Ä–∞–∑ –±—ã–ª –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –≤ –∏—é–ª–µ 1900 –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Ä–µ—à–∞—è –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å—ã —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã “–ò—Å–∫—Ä–∞”.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö—Ä—ã–ª–æ–≤–∞
2. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö—Ä—É–ø—Å–∫–æ–π
3. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞
4. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ö–∞—Ä–ª–∞ –õ–∏–±–∫–Ω–µ—Ö—Ç–∞
5. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ó–æ–∏ –ö–æ—Å–º–æ–¥–µ–º—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π