–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ö–∏—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –≤ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–µ –ó—É–±—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∞. –°—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã – –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–∞ –†–∞–∑–∏–Ω–∞. 7 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1961 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∞ –∏ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1888-1939).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ê. –°. –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ:
–ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –±—ã–ª –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥—Ü–µ–º –∏–∑ —Å–µ–º—å–∏ –º–∞–ª—è—Ä–∞-–ø–æ–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤—â–∏–∫–∞ –≤–∞–≥–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞ –ë–µ–ª–æ–ø–æ–ª—å–µ, –°—É–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –•–∞—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –í 17 –ª–µ—Ç, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞ –∏ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫—É—Ä—Å–æ–≤ –≤ –ö—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω—á—É–≥–µ, –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –≤ –¥–≤—É—Ö–∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–Ω–æ–º –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ–º —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏ –ö—Ä—é–∫–æ–≤. –í 1914 –≥–æ–¥—É –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –ü–æ–ª—Ç–∞–≤—Å–∫–∏–π —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–π –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç, –≤ –∏—é–ª–µ 1917 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∑–∞–∫–∞–Ω—á–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –µ–≥–æ —Å –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –º–µ–¥–∞–ª—å—é. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –≤ –ü–æ–ª—Ç–∞–≤–µ, –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ–º, —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–æ–π —à–∫–æ–ª–æ–π. –í —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ 1920 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–º –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏–µ–π –¥–ª—è –Ω–µ—Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏—Ö.
–ö–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –≤–æ—Å—å–º–∏ –∫–∏–ª–æ–º–µ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö –æ—Ç –ü–æ–ª—Ç–∞–≤—ã, –≤ —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–º –ª–µ—Å—É (–≤–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ —ç—Ç–æ –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏—è –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∞ –∏–º –≤ “–ü–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–æ—ç–º–µ”). –†—è–¥–æ–º –±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∞, –æ—Ç–∫—É–¥–∞ –ø–æ –Ω–æ—á–∞–º —Ä–∞–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∫—Ä–∏–∫–∏ –∑–∞–ø–æ–∑–¥–∞–ª—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏—Ö –æ –ø–æ–º–æ—â–∏. –î–æ–º–∞ –∫–∞–∑–∞—Ä–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–∏–ø–∞, –ø–æ–ª—É—Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—à–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ, –±–µ–∑ –æ–∫–æ–Ω, –±–µ–∑ –¥–≤–µ—Ä–µ–π. –î–æ —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –±—ã–ª –ø—Ä–∏—é—Ç –¥–ª—è –º–∞–ª–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –≥–¥–µ –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º–∏ “–ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∞–º–∏” –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤–Ω—ã–µ —É–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–∞, –∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–º “–ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º” –º–µ—Ç–æ–¥–æ–º –∏—Ö –±—ã–ª –Ω–µ—Å–ª–æ–∂–Ω—ã–π —Å–Ω–∞—Ä—è–¥ – –ø–∞–ª–∫–∞. –ò —ç—Ç–æ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞–¥–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫..
–ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º–∏ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∞–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª –ø–µ—Ä–≤—É—é –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—É –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –î–∞–≤–Ω–æ –Ω–µ –º—ã—Ç—ã–µ, –ø–æ–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–µ –∫–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–π –ª–∏—Ü–∞, –≤–æ—Å–ø–∞–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≥–ª–∞–∑–∞, –≤–∑–≥–ª—è–¥—ã –∏—Å–ø–æ–¥–ª–æ–±—å—è, –ª–æ—Ö–º–æ—Ç—å—è… –° —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª—Å—è –æ—Ç –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –º–æ–≥–ª–æ –Ω–∞–ø–æ–º–Ω–∏—Ç—å –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—É –æ —Ç—é—Ä—å–º–µ: –æ—Ç –∑–∞–±–æ—Ä–æ–≤ —Å –∫–æ–ª—é—á–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∫–æ–π, –æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—ã, –≤–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–∏–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∫–∞–º–∏. –£–π—Ç–∏ –∏–ª–∏ —É–±–µ–∂–∞—Ç—å –∏–∑ –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏–∏ –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–∏–∫, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –±—ã –æ–Ω —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª, –º–æ–≥ –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —É–≥–æ–¥–Ω–æ. –†–∞–±–æ—Ç—É –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏ –≤ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è—Ö –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ–π –±–µ–¥–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞. –ì–æ–ª–æ–¥–Ω—ã –∏ –±–µ–¥–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –∏ –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤—É—é –∑–∏–º—É —É —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —Ü–µ–ª—ã—Ö –ø–æ–¥–º–µ—Ç–æ–∫ –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–ø–æ–≥–∞—Ö.
–ë–∞–∑–æ–π —Ç—Ä—É–¥–∞ –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–µ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –ö–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –≤ –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏–∏ 4 —á–∞—Å–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª, 4-5 —á–∞—Å–æ–≤ –æ—Ç–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª —É—á–µ–±–µ. –ö–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏—è –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∫–æ–º–±–∏–Ω–∞—Ç–æ–º —Å –¥–≤—É–º—è –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ – –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥ —Ä—É—á–Ω—ã—Ö —ç–ª–µ–∫—Ç—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–≤–µ—Ä–ª (—Ä–∞–Ω—å—à–µ –∏—Ö –∑–∞–≤–æ–∑–∏–ª–∏ –∏–∑-–∑–∞ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã) –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –≤ –°–æ—é–∑–µ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–æ–º –ø–ª–µ–Ω–æ—á–Ω—ã—Ö —Ñ–æ—Ç–æ–∞–ø–ø–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤ “–§–≠–î”. –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏—è –∂–∏–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –ì–ü–£ –æ—Ç—á–∏—Å–ª—è–ª–∏ –∏–∑ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –∑–∞—Ä–ø–ª–∞—Ç—ã –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Ä–µ–±—è—Ç. –ü–æ—Ç–æ–º, –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª –ø–µ—Ä–µ–π—Ç–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Ö–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—á–µ—Ç –∏ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∂–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –Ω–æ –∏ –æ—Ç–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–ª—å –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤—É.
–ö –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–∏–∫—É –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª —Å—É–≥—É–±–æ –∏–Ω–¥–∏–≤–∏–¥—É–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ. –õ–æ–∑—É–Ω–≥–æ–º –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ: “–ö–∞–∫ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ —É–≤–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫—É –∏ —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∫ –Ω–µ–º—É”. “–ù–∏ –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–µ, –Ω–∏ –≤ –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–µ–π –æ–±—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–µ —è –Ω–µ –≤–∏–¥–µ–ª–∞ –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ —Å–∏–¥—è—â–∏–º –≤—Ä–∞–∑–≤–∞–ª–∫—É –∏–ª–∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –æ–±–ª–æ–∫–æ—Ç–∏–≤—à–∏–º—Å—è –æ —Å–ø–∏–Ω–∫—É —Å—Ç—É–ª–∞, – –≤—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–≥–∞ –ì–∞–π–¥–∞–º–∞–∫–∏–Ω–∞. – –ò –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∫–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ —Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –∂–µ —Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π–Ω–æ–π, —Å–ª–µ–≥–∫–∞ –∑–∞–º–µ–¥–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∫–æ–π, –∫–∞–∫–∞—è –±—ã–ª–∞ —É –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞, —Ç–∞–∫ –∂–µ —Å–∏–¥–µ—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥—Ç—è–Ω—É—Ç–æ –∑–∞ –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–æ–π, –∫–∞–∫ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —Å–∏–¥–µ–ª –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—É–ª–µ, —Ç–∞–∫ –∂–µ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤—Å–ª—É—à–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –∫ –Ω–∏–º”.
–ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª: “–ú—ã, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏, –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –±–ª–∏—Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å –∏–∑—ã—Å–∫–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –∏ –¥–∂–µ–Ω—Ç–ª—å–º–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, —É –Ω–∞—Å —ç—Ç–æ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –±–µ–∑ –ø–æ–¥—Ö–∞–ª–∏–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ —É–Ω–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è, –º—ã —Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ —Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã—Ö. –ù–∞—à–µ–π –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –∑–∞–≤–∏–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤–µ—Å—å –º–∏—Ä”. –õ–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–∞—è –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –≤ –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏–∏. –í 1932 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤—ã—à–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∞ “–ú–∞—Ä—à 30 –≥–æ–¥–∞”, –∞ –≤ 1933 – –ø–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å “–ü–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–æ—ç–º—ã”. –í —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–µ –Ω–∞–¥ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–æ–π, –≤ –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∫–µ —Ä—É–∫–æ–ø–∏—Å–∏ –∫ –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∏ –±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞ –∂–µ–Ω–∞ –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ – –ì–∞–ª–∏–Ω–∞ –°—Ç–∞—Ö–∏–µ–≤–Ω–∞ –°–∞–ª—å–∫–æ.
–õ–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–∞—è —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∞ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ. –ï—â–µ –¥–æ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏—è 3-–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ “–ü–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–æ—ç–º—ã”, 1 –∏—é–ª—è 1934 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ —Å—Ç–∞–ª —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –°–æ—é–∑–∞ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π. –ë—ã–ª –Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω–æ–º –¢—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ó–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏. –í 1935 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω – –ø–æ–º–æ—â–Ω–∏–∫ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–∞ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∫–æ–ª–æ–Ω–∏–π –ù–ö–í–î –£–∫—Ä–∞–∏–Ω—ã. –° 1937 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ, –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –æ—Ç–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–æ-—Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ-–ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –í 1937-38 –≥–≥. –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–ª –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 60 —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç. –ò–∑ –∑–∞–¥—É–º–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö 4-—Ö —Ç–æ–º–æ–≤ “–ö–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –¥–ª—è —Ä–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π” –æ–Ω —É—Å–ø–µ–ª –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Ç–æ–º.
–û–Ω –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª, –¥–∞–∂–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—Å—å –≤ –¥–æ–º–µ –æ—Ç–¥—ã—Ö–∞. “–û—Ç–¥—ã—Ö–∞–π—Ç–µ, –≥—É–ª—è–π—Ç–µ –ø–æ–±–æ–ª—å—à–µ”, – —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –µ–º—É –≤—Ä–∞—á–∏. –ê –æ–Ω: “–ë–æ—é—Å—å, –Ω–µ —É—Å–ø–µ—é –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–¥–æ. –ê –Ω–∞–¥–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å. –ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∂–∏—Ç–æ. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –Ω–∞–¥–æ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –∫–∞–∫ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –∏ —Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ–µ”. –ò –æ–Ω —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –ø–æ 15-16 —á–∞—Å–æ–≤ –≤ —Å—É—Ç–∫–∏. –ó–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤—å–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø–æ–¥–æ—Ä–≤–∞–Ω–æ.. –í –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∏–∑ –ø–∏—Å–µ–º –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–Ø –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—é –∏ –≤ –∞–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç–µ –¥–æ—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –¥–æ –æ–±–º–æ—Ä–æ–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ”. 1 –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è 1939 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É –∏–∑ –ø–æ–¥–º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ì–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–Ω–æ. –í —Ä—É–∫–∞—Ö —É –Ω–µ–≥–æ –±—ã–ª —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∞—Ä–∏–π, –æ–Ω –≤–µ–∑ –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –∫–∏–Ω–æ—Ñ–∞–±—Ä–∏–∫—É. –ú–∞–∫–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ –≤–æ—à–µ–ª –≤ –≤–∞–≥–æ–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–µ–∑–¥–∞, –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞—è –∫–∞–∫–æ–π-—Ç–æ –∂–µ–Ω—â–∏–Ω–µ –≤–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤–µ—â–∏, –∏ —Å–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–ª—Å—è –æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—ã–≤–∞ —Å–µ—Ä–¥—Ü–∞. –ü–æ—Ö–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ–Ω –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –Ω–∞ –ù–æ–≤–æ–¥–µ–≤–∏—á—å–µ–º –∫–ª–∞–¥–±–∏—â–µ.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –∞–∫–∞–¥–µ–º–∏–∫–∞ –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∞
2. –ü—Ä–æ—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç –ú–∞—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞
3. –ü—Ä–æ—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç –ö–∞—Ä–ª–∞ –ú–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∞
4. –ü—Ä–æ–µ–∑–¥ –ú–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞
5. –ü—Ä–æ–µ–∑–¥ –ú–∞–ª—å—Ü–µ–≤–∞