–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
–£–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –°—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã – –û—Ä–µ–Ω–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–∞—è. 5 —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1939 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –≤ —á–µ—Å—Ç—å —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–∞, –ì–µ—Ä–æ—è –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –°–æ—é–∑–∞ – –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏—è –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞ (–≥–æ–¥—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: 1904-1938).
–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –í. –ü. –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞:
–í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–π –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∏—á —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–µ–≤–æ-–°–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∞ (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫) –ù–∏–∂–µ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –í 1916 –≥–æ–¥—É –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–π –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –ß–µ—Ä–µ–ø–æ–≤–µ—Ü–∫–æ–µ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–µ –Ω–∞ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ä–µ–º–æ–Ω—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —Ç—Ä–∏ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Ü–µ–º –∏–¥–µ—Ç –≤ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—É—é –ê—Ä–º–∏—é. –í 1924 –≥–æ–¥—É —É–∂–µ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ª–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫ –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–π –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤ –µ–¥–µ—Ç –≤ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥ –≤ 1-—é –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –∞–≤–∏–∞—ç—Å–∫–∞–¥—Ä–∏–ª—å—é –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ü. –ù. –ù–µ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–æ–≤–∞. –í 1930 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –ª–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–æ–º-–∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º. –ó–∞ –¥–≤–∞ –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –≤ –ù–ò–ò –í–í–° –æ–Ω —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–ª –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 800 –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–ª–µ—Ç–æ–≤, –æ—Å–≤–æ–∏–≤ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏–∫—É –ø–∏–ª–æ—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è 30 —Ç–∏–ø–æ–≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–ª–µ—Ç–æ–≤, –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞–≤ —Å–≤—ã—à–µ 70 —Ç–∏–ø–æ–≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–ª–µ—Ç–æ–≤. –í 1931 –≥–æ–¥—É –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤ –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –æ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏–ª –ø–æ–ª–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–æ–ª–µ—Ç–µ-–∞–≤–∏–∞–Ω–æ—Å—Ü–µ (—Ç—è–∂–µ–ª—ã–π –±–æ–º–±–∞—Ä–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤—â–∏–∫ —Å –∏—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏ –Ω–∞ –∫—Ä—ã–ª—å—è—Ö). –í 1935 –≥–æ–¥—É, –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Å–º–µ–ª–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏ –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—è—Ö —Å–∞–º–æ–ª–µ—Ç–æ–≤, –í. –ü. –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω –æ—Ä–¥–µ–Ω–æ–º –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞.
20-22 –∏—é–ª—è 1936 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –ì. –§. –ë–∞–π–¥—É–∫–æ–≤—ã–º –∏ –ê. –í. –ë–µ–ª—è–∫–æ–≤—ã–º —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–ª –±–µ—Å–ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–æ—á–Ω—ã–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ª–µ—Ç –ø–æ –º–∞—Ä—à—Ä—É—Ç—É –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–∞ – –ó–µ–º–ª—è –§—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü–∞-–ò–æ—Å–∏—Ñ–∞ – –º—ã—Å –ß–µ–ª—é—Å–∫–∏–Ω–∞ – –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–ø–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫-–Ω–∞-–ö–∞–º—á–∞—Ç–∫–µ – –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤ –£–¥–¥ (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤ –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤). –û–¥–Ω–æ–º–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–π —Å–∞–º–æ–ª–µ—Ç –ê–ù–¢-25 –ø—Ä–æ–ª–µ—Ç–µ–ª 9 374 –∫–º –∑–∞ 56 —á–∞—Å–æ–≤ 20 –º–∏–Ω—É—Ç. –ó–∞ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –ø–æ–¥–≤–∏–≥ —á–ª–µ–Ω—ã —ç–∫–∏–ø–∞–∂–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ —É–¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–µ–Ω—ã –∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ì–µ—Ä–æ–µ–≤ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –°–æ—é–∑–∞. –ê —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –≥–æ–¥, –≤ –∏—é–Ω–µ 1937 –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Ç–∞ –∂–µ —Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è —Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞–µ—Ç —Ä–µ–π—Å –ø–æ –º–∞—Ä—à—Ä—É—Ç—É –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–∞ – –°–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–ª—é—Å – –°–®–ê. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ 63 —á–∞—Å–∞ 25 –º–∏–Ω—É—Ç, –ø—Ä–µ–æ–¥–æ–ª–µ–≤ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏–µ –≤ 12 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á –∫–º, –ê–ù–¢-25 –ø—Ä–∏–∑–µ–º–ª–∏–ª—Å—è –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ –∞–º–µ—Ä–∏–∫–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ü–æ—Ä—Ç–ª–µ–Ω–¥. –í —á–µ—Å—Ç—å —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–æ–≤ –≤ –ü–æ—Ä—Ç–ª–µ–Ω–¥–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–µ–º–µ–ª —Å–∞–ª—é—Ç. –ì–µ—Ä–æ–µ–≤ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª –ø—Ä–µ–∑–∏–¥–µ–Ω—Ç –°–®–ê –†—É–∑–≤–µ–ª—å—Ç. –†–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç, —á—Ç–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–∏–π —Ç—è–∂–µ–ª—ã–º –Ω–µ–¥—É–≥–æ–º –†—É–∑–≤–µ–ª—å—Ç —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª: “–ü–æ–¥–Ω–∏–º–∏—Ç–µ –º–µ–Ω—è. –Ø —Ö–æ—á—É –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å –≥–µ—Ä–æ–µ–≤ —Å—Ç–æ—è”.
–í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏—é –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤—É –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∏—Ç –ø—Ä–∏–æ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –≤ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–µ —Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–µ–º–æ–≤ –≤–æ–∑–¥—É—à–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–æ—è –Ω–∞ –±—Ä–µ—é—â–µ–º –ø–æ–ª–µ—Ç–µ. –û–Ω–∏ —Å —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω—è–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –≥–æ–¥—ã –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã –ª–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–∞–º–∏: –ê. –ò. –ü–æ–∫—Ä—ã—à–∫–∏–Ω—ã–º, –°. –ü. –°—É–ø—Ä—É–Ω–æ–º, –ò. –ù. –ö–æ–∂–µ–¥—É–±–æ–º, –í. –ò. –§–∞–¥–µ–µ–≤—ã–º –∏ –¥—Ä. –í–∫–ª–∞–¥ –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞ –≤ –æ—Å–≤–æ–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ª–µ—Ç–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω –ª–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ –±–æ–º–±–∞—Ä–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–æ—á–Ω–æ–π –∞–≤–∏–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª –∏ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—Ü–æ–º —Ñ–∏–≥—É—Ä –≤—ã—Å—à–µ–≥–æ –ø–∏–ª–æ—Ç–∞–∂–∞, —Å–∞–º —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –∏ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–ª 15 —Ñ–∏–≥—É—Ä – —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –Ω–∏—Ö “–≤–æ—Å—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏–π —à—Ç–æ–ø–æ—Ä”, “–∑–∞–º–µ–¥–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –±–æ—á–∫–∞”. 4 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1937 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∫—É–π–±—ã—à–µ–≤—Ü—ã –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–∞, –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–µ “–ú–∏—Ö–∞–∏–ª –ö–∞–ª–∏–Ω–∏–Ω”. –ò–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –Ω–∞–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏—é 1919 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º –∂–µ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–µ, —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–º—Å—è “–ë–∞—è–Ω”, —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –∫–æ—á–µ–≥–∞—Ä–æ–º 15-–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–π –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–π –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤. –í–µ—á–µ—Ä–æ–º 4 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è –í–∞–ª–µ—Ä–∏–π –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∏—á –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –≤ –¥—Ä–∞–º—Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –Ω–∞ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª–µ “–í–∞—Ä–≤–∞—Ä—ã” –ø–æ –ø—å–µ—Å–µ A. M. –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π –¥–µ–Ω—å, –≤ —Ñ–æ–π–µ —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–∞, –æ–Ω —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª –æ –ø–æ–ª–µ—Ç–µ –≤ –ê–º–µ—Ä–∏–∫—É.
–ê —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –≥–æ–¥ —Å –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º, B. –ü. –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞ –Ω–µ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ. 15 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1938 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç—ã–≤–∞—è —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π –∏—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å, –∫–æ–º–±—Ä–∏–≥ –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤ –ø–æ–≥–∏–±. –£–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏ –∑–∞—Ö–æ–¥–µ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∫—É –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª –º–æ—Ç–æ—Ä. –ú–∞—à–∏–Ω–∞ –ø–∞–¥–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –∂–∏–ª—ã–µ –¥–æ–º–∞. –°–ø–∞—Å–∞—è —Å–æ—Ç–Ω–∏ –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –ß–∫–∞–ª–æ–≤ —Ç—è–Ω—É–ª, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –º–æ–≥ –∏ —Å–≤–∞–ª–∏–ª –∏—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å –Ω–∞ –∫—Ä—ã–ª–æ… –õ–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫ –±—ã–ª –ø–æ—Ö–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ–Ω —É –ö—Ä–µ–º–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–Ω—ã.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –ë–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ú. –°. –£—Ä–∏—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ
2. –ë–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö
3. –ë–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –¢. –ì. –®–µ–≤—á–µ–Ω–∫–æ
4. –ë–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ú. –ù. –¢—É—Ö–∞—á–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ
5. –ë–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –≠. –¢–µ–ª—å–º–∞–Ω–∞