–ó–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫—Ä—ã–ª–∞—Ç—ã—Ö –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π – –ü–ª–∞–Ω–æ–≤ –≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥—å–µ, –ø–æ —â—É—á—å–µ–º—É –≤–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ –º–æ–µ–º—É —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—é, –ø–æ–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –Ω–µ —Å—É–¥—è—Ç
“–ü–ª–∞–Ω–æ–≤ –≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥—å–µ“
–í—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–∑ –ø–æ—ç–º—ã –í. –í. –ú–∞—è–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ “–•–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ!”, 1927 –≥–æ–¥, –≥–ª–∞–≤–∞ 17:
“–Ø –ø–ª–∞–Ω–æ–≤ –Ω–∞—à–∏—Ö
–ª—é–±–ª—é –≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥—å—ë,
—Ä–∞–∑–º–∞—Ö–∞ —à–∞–≥–∏ —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω—å–∏.
–Ø —Ä–∞–¥—É—é—Å—å –º–∞—Ä—à—É,
–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –∏–¥—ë–º
–≤ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É –∏ –≤ —Å—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω—å—è.”
“–ì—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥—å—ë” ‚Äî —á—Ç–æ-–ª–∏–±–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–æ–≤, –≤ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–º –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ (—Å–ª–æ–≤–æ, —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –í. –ú–∞—è–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–º –æ—Ç –ø—Ä–∏–ª–∞–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥–Ω—ã–π).
–ü–æ—ç–º–∞ “–•–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ!” –±—ã–ª–∞ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–æ–º –ú–∞—è–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –∫ 10-–π –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤—â–∏–Ω–µ –û–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—å—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏. –£–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –¥–ª—è —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∫–∏ –≥–∏–≥–∞–Ω—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–º–∞—Ö–∞ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
–ü–æ–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è “—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ” –∏ “–∫–æ–º–º—É–Ω–∏–∑–º” –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–µ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–∏–º—ã –¥—Ä—É–≥ –æ—Ç –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞. –ú—ã –ø—Ä–∏–≤—ã–∫–ª–∏ –∫ —Ç–æ–º—É, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª “–≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥—å—ë–º –Ω–∞—à–∏—Ö –ø–ª–∞–Ω–æ–≤”, –ø—Ä–∏–≤—ã–∫–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É, —á—Ç–æ –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –¥–µ–Ω—å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ–º –≤ –∏—Ö —Ä–µ–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ (–ñ—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª “–ó–Ω–∞–º—è”, 1974, ‚Ññ 10).
“–ü–æ —â—É—á—å–µ–º—É –≤–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –ø–æ –º–æ–µ–º—É —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—é“
–í—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–∑ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Å–∫–∞–∑–∫–∏, –±—É–∫–≤–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç: –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—É —â—É–∫–∏, –ø–æ –º–æ–µ–º—É –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏—é.
“–í–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ” – —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ, –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç –≥–ª–∞–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤ –≤–µ–ª–µ—Ç—å –∏ —Ö–æ—Ç–µ—Ç—å.
–í —Å–∫–∞–∑–∫–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ —Ç–æ–º, –∫–∞–∫ –º—É–∂–∏–∫ –ï–º–µ–ª—è –ø–æ–π–º–∞–ª –≤–æ–ª—à–µ–±–Ω—É—é —â—É–∫—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∞ –≤—Å–µ –µ–≥–æ –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏—è, –∫–∞–∫ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª —Ñ—Ä–∞–∑—É: “–ø–æ —â—É—á—å–µ–º—É –≤–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –ø–æ –º–æ–µ–º—É —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—é”.
–°–º—ã—Å–ª: –∫–∞–∫ –ø–æ –≤–æ–ª—à–µ–±—Å—Ç–≤—É, —á—É–¥–æ–º; –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã —Å–∞–º–æ —Å–æ–±–æ–π. –ì–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —á—Ç–æ-—Ç–æ –æ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã —Å–∞–º–æ —Å–æ–±–æ–π, –±–µ–∑ –æ—Å–æ–±–æ–≥–æ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–∞ –∏ —É—Å–∏–ª–∏–π —Å —á—å–µ–π-–ª–∏–±–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã. –ò–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—è–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ç.–µ. –ø–æ –º–æ–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–µ. –ß–∞—Å—Ç–æ —É–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—ã –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
1) –ü—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤—å—Ç–µ —Å–µ–±–µ, —á—Ç–æ –≤–¥—Ä—É–≥, –ø–æ —â—É—á—å–µ–º—É –≤–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –ø–æ –º–æ–µ–º—É —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—é, —Å–ª—É—á–∏–ª—Å—è —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –∞–Ω–µ–∫–¥–æ—Ç; –º–æ–∏ –±–æ–ª–æ—Ç–∞ –≤–Ω–µ–∑–∞–ø–Ω–æ –æ—Å—É—à–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –Ω–µ –º–æ—Ö, –∞ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â—É—é —Å—ä–µ–¥–æ–±–Ω—É—é —Ç—Ä–∞–≤—É (–ú. –°–∞–ª—Ç—ã–∫–æ–≤-–©–µ–¥—Ä–∏–Ω, “–£–±–µ–∂–∏—â–µ –ú–æ–Ω—Ä–µ–ø–æ”);
2) –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ –ú—ã—Å—É –∑–∞–∫–∏–ø–µ–ª–∞, –∫–∞–∫ –ø–æ —â—É—á—å–µ–º—É –≤–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é (–î. –ú–∞–º–∏–Ω-–°–∏–±–∏—Ä—è–∫, “–•–ª–µ–±”);
3) –õ–∏—Ü–æ –∫–æ—Ä–æ–ª–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ø–æ–º—Ä–∞—á–Ω–µ–ª–æ. –ñ–¥–∞—Ç—å? –≠—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ –≤ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞—Ö. –í—Å—ë –¥–ª—è –Ω–µ–≥–æ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–µ–º–µ–¥–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ – –ø–æ —â—É—á—å–µ–º—É –≤–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –ø–æ –µ–≥–æ —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—é (–í. –ö–∞—Ç–∞–µ–≤, “–ê–ª–º–∞–∑–Ω—ã–π –º–æ–π –≤–µ–Ω–µ—Ü”).
“–ü–æ–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –Ω–µ —Å—É–¥—è—Ç“
–í—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü–µ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–µ 2 (1729 – 1796). –≠—Ç–∏ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ —è–∫–æ–±—ã —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω—ã –µ—é –æ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Ü–µ –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–µ (1729 – 1800), –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –∏ –Ω–µ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–ª –µ—ë —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–π, —Ç–µ–º –Ω–µ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ –æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª –≤ —Å—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ–±–µ–¥—É.
–£–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ–≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –æ–Ω–∏ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–ª–∏ —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–∞ –Ω–µ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä—è –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –∏–º –±—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ –¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
–í—ã –∑–∞—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç–µ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—è –∑–∞ —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–∞. –ù–æ —Ä–∞–∑ —É–∂ –≤—ã –¥–æ–±–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–∞, —Ç–æ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ –±—É–¥–µ–º: “–ø–æ–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –Ω–µ —Å—É–¥—è—Ç”.
–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:
1. –ú—ã —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω—ã, —á—Ç–æ–± —Å–∫–∞–∑–∫—É —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –±—ã–ª—å—é
2. –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–∞ –∫–∞–∫ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º –∑–≤—É–∫–µ
3. –ú–æ–∏ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç—ã
4. –ú–∞–≥ –∏ –≤–æ–ª—à–µ–±–Ω–∏–∫
5. –õ–∏—à–Ω–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏