–ó–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è –∏ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª—ã –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤ –≤ 17 – 18 –≤–µ–∫–∞—Ö

–í —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ 17 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –Ω–∞—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 120 –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –∂–∏–ª–æ –Ω–µ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ 650-700 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫. –≠—Ç–æ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –Ω–µ —É–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –∫ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü—É —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è, –∏, –ø–æ —Å—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—é —Å —Å–µ–º—å—è–º–∏ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –Ω–µ–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø–æ–π. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –æ—Å–µ–Ω—å—é –∏ –∑–∏–º–æ–π —á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å—Ç–∞–±–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ, —Ç–æ –≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –ø–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∏, –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–∞–ª–æ–º–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ: –æ—Ç–æ–≤—Å—é–¥—É —Å—Ç–µ–∫–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≥—É–ª—è—â–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏, –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–µ, –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –≤ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–µ –Ω–∞–π—Ç–∏ –∑–∞—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–æ–∫ –Ω–∞ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–µ–∫–µ. –ù–µ–¥–∞—Ä–æ–º –≤ —ç—Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å–∏ —Å–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –ø–æ–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∫–∞: “–ù–µ—á–µ–º –ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å –¥–æ–ª–≥—É – –¥–∞–π –ø–æ–π–¥—É –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥—É”. –ò –í–æ–ª–≥–∞-–∫–æ—Ä–º–∏–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –Ω–µ –æ–±–º–∞–Ω—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥: –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª—ã–π –ª—é–¥ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∞—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –ø–æ —Ä—ã–±–Ω—ã–º –∏ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤—ã–º –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª–∞–º, —É—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª –≤–Ω–∏–∑ –Ω–∞ —É—á—é–≥–∏ –∏ –∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–æ–ª—è–Ω—ã–µ –æ–∑–µ—Ä–∞, —Ç–∞–∫ —á—Ç–æ –∫ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—É-—Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ –ª–µ—Ç–∞ –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞—Ö –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∞ —Å–≤–æ–π –æ–±—ã—á–Ω—ã–π —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –ø–æ–ª—É—Å–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤–∏–¥.

–ü—Ä–æ—Ü–≤–µ—Ç–∞–Ω–∏–µ, –¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä—è–º—É—é –∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–µ–ª–æ –æ—Ç –æ–∂–∏–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ø—É—Ç–µ–π, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–Ω–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å. –ù–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞. –•–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞ –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º –Ω–∞ –æ–±—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∑–∏—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –≥—Ä—É–∑–æ–≤, –ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –∏ –ù–∏–∂–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–π –∞—Ä—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–µ–π –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –í–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ª–µ–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞, –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω, —á–∏—Å–ª–æ–º –¥–æ –ø—è—Ç–∏—Å–æ—Ç –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—É–¥–æ–≤, —Å–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–ª—Å—è –≤–Ω–∏–∑ –∫ –ê—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω–∏ —Å —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ–º, –ª–µ—Å–æ–º, –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∞–º–∏, –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤–æ–π –∫–∞–∑–Ω–æ–π. –û—Å–µ–Ω—å—é —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –≥–∏–≥–∞–Ω—Ç—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω –≤–µ–∑ –≤–≤–µ—Ä—Ö —Å–æ–ª—å, —Ä—ã–±—É, –∑–∞–º–æ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä—ã. –í–µ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–º –∏ –æ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–º –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ –∂–µ –Ω–µ –æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –°—Ç—Ä—É–≥–∏, –ø–∞—É–∑–∫–∏, –∫–æ–ª–æ–º–µ–Ω–∫–∏, –Ω–∞—Å–∞–¥—ã —Å –æ–ø–∞—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –≤—Å—é –Ω–∞–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏—é. –°—É–¥–∞, –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏–µ –æ—Ç –æ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –∏–ª–∏ –Ω–µ —É—Å–ø–µ–≤—à–∏–µ –¥–æ –∑–∞–º–æ—Ä–æ–∑–∫–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ–π—Ç–∏ –≤–≤–µ—Ä—Ö, –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤ —É—Å—Ç—å–µ —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –≥–¥–µ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∏—Ö —É–∂–µ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 16 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–æ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤—å–µ.

–ö—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∞ –∏ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–∫–µ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã—Ö –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥. –ò–∑ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—ã –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 16 –≤–µ–∫–∞ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –®–∞—Ü–∫ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–∫ —à–µ–ª –≤ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω—é—é –ê–∑–∏—é —É–¥–æ–±–Ω—ã–π, —Ö–æ–∂–µ–Ω—ã–π —Å—É—Ö–æ–ø—É—Ç–Ω—ã–π –ø—É—Ç—å. –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–∞–∑–∏–∞—Ç—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã – —Ç–µ–∑–∏–∫–∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –¥–æ–ª–≥–∏—Ö, –ø–æ–ª–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –ø—É—Å—Ç—ã–Ω–∏ –∏ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç–¥–æ—Ö–Ω—É—Ç—å –≤ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –≤ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º —Ç–µ–∑–∏—Ü–∫–æ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ª–∞–∑—ã —É –°–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂—å–µ, –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞—è –ø—É—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É. –£ “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—Ä–æ—á–∏—â–∞” –∫ —ç—Ç–∏–º –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏—Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω—è–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–æ–≥–∞–π—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –∫–∞–ª–º—ã—Ü–∫–∏–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã —Å –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ç–∞–±—É–Ω–∞–º–∏ –ª–æ—à–∞–¥–µ–π, –æ—Ç–∞—Ä–∞–º–∏ –æ–≤–µ—Ü. –ó–∏–º–æ–π –ø–æ –∑–∞–º–µ—Ä–∑—à–µ–º—É —Ä—É—Å–ª—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –Ω–∞ –Ø–∏–∫ –∫ –∫–∞–∑–∞–∫–∞–º —à–ª–∏ —Å–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ–±–æ–∑—ã – –¥–æ 500-600 —Å–∞–Ω–µ–π – —Å —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ–º, –æ—Ä—É–∂–∏–µ–º, –∑–µ–ª—å–µ–º, –æ–¥–µ–∂–¥–æ–π. –í–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ “–ø–æ–µ–∑–¥–∞” —Å —Ä—ã–±–æ–π –∏ —Å–æ–ª—å—é. –ó–∏–º–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –æ—Ç –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –∏ –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –±–µ—Å–ø–µ—Ä–µ–±–æ–π–Ω–æ. –ß–∞—Å—Ç—å—é –æ–±–æ–∑—ã —à–ª–∏ –≤–≤–µ—Ä—Ö, –≤–¥–æ–ª—å –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–æ–≤, –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—è —Å–æ–ª—å –∏ —Ä—ã–±—É –≤ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—å, –ù–∏–∂–Ω–∏–π –ù–æ–≤–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥.

–ê–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–æ—Ä–º–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–æ–¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–æ–≤, –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞—è –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö, –Ω–æ –∏ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π. –ù–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ —Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∑–∏—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –≥—Ä—É–∑—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≥—Ä—É–∂–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å –≤–µ—Ä–±–ª—é–¥–æ–≤, –∞—Ä–± –∏ —Ç–µ–ª–µ–≥ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–≥–∏, –ø–∞—É–∑–∫–∏ – –∏ –Ω–∞–æ–±–æ—Ä–æ—Ç. –ü–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –±–µ–¥–Ω—è–∫–∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å –≥—Ä—É–∑—á–∏–∫–∞–º–∏. –° –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –Ω–∞–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –º—É–∂–∏–∫–∏ —Å–æ—Ç–Ω—è–º–∏ –Ω–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ —Å—É–¥–∞, —Å–ø–ª–∞—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ —Ä—ã–±–æ–ª–æ–≤–µ—Ü–∫–∏–µ –≤–∞—Ç–∞–≥–∏, –≤–ø—Ä—è–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –±—É—Ä–ª–∞—Ü–∫—É—é –ª—è–º–∫—É. –ö—Ç–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–µ–π – –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É —Ö–∞—Ä—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏, —à–∞–ª–∞—à–∏, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–∞–≥–∞—è –≤—Å—è–∫—É—é —Å–Ω–µ–¥—å, –∫–≤–∞—Å, –ø–∏–≤–æ, –º–µ–¥–æ–≤—É—Ö—É. –ö—Ç–æ –ø–æ–±–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π – –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª –∏–∑–≤–æ–∑–æ–º –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∞—Ö –∏ —Å–∞–Ω—è—Ö. –°—Ä–µ–¥–∏ “—è–∏—Ü–∫–∏—Ö –æ—Ö–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤” – –ª—é–±–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π —Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –Ø–∏–∫ —Å —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ–º, –∞ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å —Ä—ã–±–æ–π –∏ —Å–æ–ª—å—é, – –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤. –°–∞–º—ã–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω–µ –±—Ä–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –æ—Ç–∫—É–ø (–µ—â–µ —á–∞—â–µ –∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∞ —ç—Ç–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è) –∫–∞–±–∞–∫–∏ –∏ —Ç–∞–º–æ–∂–Ω–∏, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–æ—Å–∏–≤—à–∏–µ –ø–æ —Ç–µ–º –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞–º –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–µ –¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã, –ø—Ä–µ–≤—ã—à–∞–≤—à–∏–µ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–π –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–∞–∑–Ω—ã.

–í–µ—Å—å —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —É–∫–ª–∞–¥, –≤—Å—è —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞ –≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤–æ–∫—Ä—É–≥ —Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∑–∏—Ç–Ω–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏. –ö—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å –∂–∏–ª–∞, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, –æ—Ç –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –¥–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–≥–æ. –°–∞–º–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–ª–∞ –Ω–µ —Ç–∞–∫ —É–∂ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ: –¥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–∞ 17 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –≤ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞–≤–æ–∑–∏–ª—Å—è —Ö–ª–µ–± –¥–ª—è –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω–∞, —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–µ–º–∫–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä—ã, –±–æ–µ–ø—Ä–∏–ø–∞—Å—ã –¥–∞ –º–µ—Ç–∞–ª–ª. –í—Å–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –Ω—É–∂–¥—ã –ø–æ–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–∏–ª–∞–º–∏. –¢—Ä–∞–Ω–∑–∏—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –æ—Å–µ–¥–∞–ª–æ —Å–æ–≤—Å–µ–º –Ω–µ–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ. –ü–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö –±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏, –∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –∫—É–ø–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–µ –æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞–ª–æ —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –≤—Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—å—Å—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∫—É–ø–∫–æ–π, –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è–º–∏. –ù–∏ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–µ —è–≤–ª—è–ª—Å—è —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º –≥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–Ω–æ–π –∏–ª–∏ —Å—É–∫–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–æ—Ç–µ–Ω, –Ω–µ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è —É–∂ –æ –∫–æ—Ä–ø–æ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –≥–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π. –í 1630-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö —Å–∞–º—ã–º –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã–º –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ “–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–ª—é–¥–∏–Ω–æ–≤” —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã–π —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –ö—É–∑—å–º–∞ –©–µ–ø–∫–∏–Ω; –µ–≥–æ “–∂–∏–≤–æ—Ç—ã”, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–µ–Ω—ã –≤ 500 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π.

–ü–µ—Ä–µ–∫—É–ø–∫–æ–π —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–∏–µ–∑–∂–∏–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã-–ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ – –≥–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –°–≤–µ—Ç–µ—à–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã –∏ –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã –∏–∑ –Ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–ª—è, –ó–∞–¥–æ—Ä–∏–Ω—ã –∏–∑ –ù–∏–∂–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ù–æ–≤–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ. –í 1676 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –®–µ–ª—å —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–ª: “…–≤ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª—ã—Ö… –∏ –≤ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ—à–Ω–∏—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö —Ç–µ –∫—É–ø—á–∏–Ω—ã –ø—Ä–∏–µ–¥—É—á–∏ –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∞ –≤—Å—è–∫–∏–µ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä—ã: –∫–∏–Ω–¥—è–∫–∏, —à–µ–ª–∫, —Å–∞—Ñ—å—è–Ω—ã, –≤—ã–±–æ–π–∫–∏, —Å–æ–ª—å, –∞ –ø–æ—à–ª–∏–Ω—ã –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—è –∫–∞–∑–Ω—É —Å —Ç–µ—Ö —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ —Å –ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–∂–Ω–æ–π —Å–æ–ª–∏ –Ω–µ –ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏, —É—á–∏–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã”. –í—Ä—è–¥ –ª–∏ –≤—Å–µ —ç—Ç–∏ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä—ã –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –ø–æ–Ω–∞–¥–æ–±–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–∞–º, —Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∫–∏ –º–µ–∂–¥—É —Å–æ–±–æ–π —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞–ª–∏ —Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∑–∏—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã. –û–∂–∏–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª—è —à–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–æ–π –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏, —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —É—Ä–æ—á–∏—â–µ, –∞ —Å —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω—ã 17 –≤–µ–∫–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–µ–µ —Ä—É—Å–ª–æ, –Ω–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–æ–π. –ó–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –±—ã–ª —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Ç–æ—Ä–≥ – —Å –∫–æ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏. –ö–∞–ª–º—ã–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –Ω–æ–≥–∞–µ–≤ –±–æ—è–ª–∏—Å—å –¥–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞—Ç—å –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥, –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–∞ –∏–º –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏–ª–∏ “–∑–∞ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–º–∏ –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–±–∞–º–∏”, –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–æ-–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–π –æ–∫—Ä–∞–∏–Ω–µ, –≥–¥–µ-—Ç–æ –≤ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏. –¢–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª—è “—è–∏—Ü–∫–∏–º–∏” —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∞–º–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –≤–Ω–µ —Å—Ç–µ–Ω –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞, –Ω–∞ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–µ –≤ “–û—Å–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∞—Ö”, –Ω–∞ “–ø—Ä–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–µ —Å –Ø–∏–∫–∞ —Ä—ã–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏ –∏–∫—Ä—è–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª—É”.

–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å, —Ç–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –æ–∫—Ä—É–∂–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –∏ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç, –≥–¥–µ –∏ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–π. –í —Å–∞–º–æ–º –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–µ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–∞–ª—Å—è –∑–∞ —Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏-–¥–µ—Ç–∏–Ω—Ü–∞, –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∞. –ü—Ä–∏–µ–∑–∂–∏—Ö –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ –ø–æ—Ä–∞–∂–∞–ª–∞ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–µ —Å —Å–æ–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Å–≤–æ–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –∫–∞–∑–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –∏–Ω–æ–∑–µ–º—Ü–∞–º —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –Ω–µ–Ω—É–∂–Ω—ã–º, —Ä–∏—Ç—É–∞–ª–∞. –¢–æ—Ä–æ–ø–ª–∏–≤–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∞—Å—å —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º –Ω–µ—Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ –Ω–µ—É–º–µ–Ω–∏—è –∂–∏—Ç—å: “–¢–æ—Ä–æ–ø–ª–∏–≤ —Ç—ã, —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –Ω–µ —Å–º–µ–µ—à—å —Ç—ã –ø—É—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –ª—é–¥—å–º–∏ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å”. –ü–æ–∫—É–ø–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –∏ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–µ—Ü –ø–æ–º–Ω–æ–≥—É —Ä–∞–∑ —Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å (“–º–Ω–µ –Ω–µ—Ç –º–æ—á–∏ —Å —Ç–æ–±–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å, —Ç—ã –æ–¥–Ω—É —Ü–µ–Ω—É —Ç–æ—Ä–≥—É–µ—à—å –±–µ–∑ —É–±–∞–≤–∫–∏”) –∏ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –¥–ª–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ —É–¥–∞—Ä—è–ª–∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞ –ø–æ —Ä—É–∫–∞–º, –∑–∞–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª—è—è —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Å–¥–µ–ª–∫—É. –ü–æ–¥–æ–±–Ω–∞—è –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ–¥—É—Ä–∞ –º–æ–≥–ª–∞ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω—É—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç–∞–º, –≥–¥–µ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–µ–π—à–∏–µ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —É—Å—Ç–æ–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω—ã —Å –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è–º–∏. –ö —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≤—ã–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞.

–í—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –ø–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏–µ–º —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤ —è–≤–ª—è–ª–æ—Å—å —Ä—ã–±–æ–ª–æ–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –±–ª–∞–≥–æ —Ä—ã–±–Ω—ã–µ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–µ–∏—Å—á–µ—Ä–ø–∞–µ–º—ã–º–∏. –í–æ –≤—Å–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü—ã —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã, –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –≤ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –≤–æ –≥–ª–∞–≤–µ —Å –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–æ–π, –ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–π—à–∏–µ —Å–æ—Ä—Ç–∞ —Ä—ã–±—ã – –æ—Å–µ—Ç—Ä, –±–µ–ª—É–≥–∞, —Å–µ–≤—Ä—é–≥–∞, –±–µ–ª–æ—Ä—ã–±–∏—Ü–∞ (–±–µ–ª–∞—è —Å–µ–º–≥–∞), —Å—Ç–µ—Ä–ª—è–¥—å –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –ª–æ—Å–æ—Å—å. –ù–∞ – —Å—É–¥–∞–∫–∞, —â—É–∫—É, –ª–µ—â–∞, —Å–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∞ —Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∫ –Ω–∞ —Ä—ã–±—É –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ—Ä—Ç–∞, –∞ –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—É—é –≤–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫—É—é —Å–µ–ª—å–¥—å –≤—ã–±—Ä–∞—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—è —Å–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π. –ö–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –±—É–¥—å —Ç–æ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—ã–π –∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–π, –º–æ–≥ –≤–∑—è—Ç—å –≤ –æ–±—Ä–æ—á–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª–æ–≤—ã–µ –≤–æ–¥—ã. –í—Å—è –∞–∫–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –≤ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ö –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∏, –∏ –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å—Ä–æ–∫ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥—ã–¥—É—â–µ–≥–æ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞ –Ω–∞ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–ª—Å—è, –±–∏—Ä–∏—á, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –≥–ª–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞–π, –≤ –±–∞–∑–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–π –¥–µ–Ω—å –≤—ã–∫—Ä–∏–∫–∏–≤–∞–ª –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ –æ—Ö–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç—å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–µ. –û–±—ã—á–Ω–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ, –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É —É—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∏–≤–∞–ª—Å—è —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∞—É–∫—Ü–∏–æ–Ω. –ú–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–π —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–æ–∫, –ø–æ—Ä–æ–π –æ–Ω–∏ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª–∏ –∞—Ä—Ç–µ–ª—å—é, –Ω–æ –≤—Å–µ —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ —Ç—è–≥–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã–º–∏ –∫—É–ø—Ü–∞–º–∏ –∏–∑ –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–æ–≤—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ – –†—ã–±–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∞, –ù–∏–∂–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ù–æ–≤–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –£–≥–ª–∏—á–∞ –∏–ª–∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—Ü–∞–º–∏-–ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä–µ–π – –¢—Ä–æ–∏—Ü–µ-–°–µ—Ä–≥–∏–µ–≤–∞, –ù–æ–≤–æ—Å–ø–∞—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ù–æ–≤–æ–¥–µ–≤–∏—á—å–µ–≥–æ, –ü–µ—á–µ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö.

–í 1655 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–∞–º, —Å–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤—Ü–∞–º –∏ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è–º –¶–∞—Ä–∏—Ü—ã–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –ª—å–≥–æ—Ç—É – –æ—Ç–¥–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –Ω–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–µ –≤–æ–¥—ã –Ω–∞ –ø—è—Ç—å –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç –≤—ã—à–µ –∏ –Ω–∏–∂–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤. –≠—Ç–∏ –≤–æ–¥—ã —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–π –º—É–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–ø–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é. –í—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ –Ω–µ–µ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è –†—ã–±–Ω–∞—è —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∞, —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø–æ–¥—ä—è—á–∏–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Ñ–∏—Å–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–π –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è – “–æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–ª–∏” –ø—è—Ç—å —Ä—ã–±–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –ª—é–¥–µ–π, —Ü–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º –∂–∏–≤—É—â–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ –¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã –æ—Ç —Ä—ã–±–æ–ª–æ–≤—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –¶–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä–∏, —É—Ö–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–≤—à–∏–µ—Å—è —Å–ø—É—Å—Ç—è –≤–µ–∫ –∑–∞–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥–∞–≤–ª—è—é—â–∏–º –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª–æ–≤—ã—Ö –≤–æ–¥ –æ—Ç –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∞ –¥–æ –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤–∞, –ø—ã—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª–æ–≤—ã–µ –±–∞–∑—ã –≤ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞—Ö: –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–µ –∏–ª–∏ –≤ —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∞—Ö. –¢–∞–∫ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –ø–æ–¥–≤–æ—Ä—å—è –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ß—É–¥–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –Ω–∏–∂–µ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ë–ª–∞–≥–æ–≤–µ—â–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä–µ–π. –ö–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤ –ª–æ–≤–∏–ª–∏ —Ä—ã–±—É “–ø—Ä–æ —Å–≤–æ–π –æ–±–∏—Ö–æ–¥” –∏ –≤ –æ—Ö–æ—Ç–∫—É, –Ω–æ “—Ä—ã–±–Ω–∏–∫–∏” —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª–∏ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–µ–ª —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–∏–µ–π.

–í—Å–µ –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª–æ–≤—ã–µ –∏ —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è –∏–≥—Ä–∞–ª–∏ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –º–µ–Ω—å—à—É—é —Ä–æ–ª—å –≤ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –≥—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π. –ö —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ 1630-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –Ω–∏—Ö, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –Ω–∞—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ —Ç—Ä–∏–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏ —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –í—Ä—è–¥ –ª–∏ –∏—Ö —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –Ω–∞–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –≤ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã. –í –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–µ – –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–µ –∏ –≤ —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∞—Ö – —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª–∏: –±–æ–Ω–¥–∞—Ä–∏, –∏–∫–æ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏, –∫–∞–º—ã—à–Ω–∏–∫–∏, –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏, –∫—É–∑–Ω–µ—Ü—ã, –ø–ª–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∏, –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–Ω—ã–µ, —Å–∞–ø–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–∏, —Å–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä—è–Ω–∏–∫–∏, —Å–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∫–∏, —Å—ã—Ä–æ–º—è—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∏, —Ä—ã–±–Ω–∏–∫–∏, —Ö–∞—Ä—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∏, —á–∞—Å–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∏, —à–∞–ø–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏, –∫–∞–ª–∞—á–Ω–∏—Ü—ã, —Ö–ª–µ–±–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –∏ –º–æ–ª–æ—á–Ω–∏—Ü—ã. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –ø–æ –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–Ω—ã–º –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º, –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å 18 –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–∏–π, –Ω–æ –≤—Ä—è–¥ –ª–∏ –≤—Å–µ –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–∞–∑–æ–≤–µ—à—å —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏. –°–∞–º—ã–º –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–º “—Ü–µ—Ö–æ–º”, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ä—ã–±–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –±—ã–ª–∏ –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –ï—Å—Ç—å —É–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö – –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∞—Ä–∞—è—Ö, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –±—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –æ—Ç–∫—É–ø –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 1600-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤. –ü–æ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–∑–¥–Ω–∏–º –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∏—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º 18 – –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ 19 –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤, –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ —Å–∞—Ä–∞–∏ –≤ 1600-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∑–∞ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–º–∏ –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–±–∞–º–∏, –≤ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –±—ã–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –∫–∞–±–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–∞, –≥–¥–µ –∑–∞–ª–µ–≥–∞–ª–∏ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–∏–µ –≥–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –≥–ª–∏–Ω—ã. –ö–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π –æ–±—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–µ—Ö–∏—Ç—Ä—ã–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –Ω—É–∂–¥—ã, –ø—Ä–∏—á–µ–º —Å–∞–º—ã–º–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏–∑ —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å 2 –ø–ª–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞.

–ü—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª–∞–º–∏ –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–µ–π –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ, –Ω–æ –∏ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –Ω–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è, —á–∞—Å—Ç—å —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π. –°—É–¥—è –ø–æ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –¥–∞–∂–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–¥–∞—á–ª–∏–≤—ã–º–∏, –∏–ª–∏, –ø–æ –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ–π –º–µ—Ä–µ, –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏. –í —Å–∞–º–æ–π –∂–µ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±—â–∏–Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–∏—è –º–µ–∂–¥—É –±–µ–¥–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –∏ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º —Ç–µ—Ä—è–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –æ–±—â–µ–º —Ñ–æ–Ω–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –í –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–µ, –ø–æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ø—è—Ç–∏–Ω—ã 1634 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —á–µ—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–æ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã—Ö “–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–ª—é–¥–∏–Ω–∞”: —É–∂–µ —É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç—ã–π –ö–æ–∑—å–º–∞ –©–µ–ø–∫–∏–Ω, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –ò–≤–∞–Ω –õ–∞–Ω–∂–∞ (–µ–≥–æ “–∂–∏–≤–æ—Ç—ã” –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ 45 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π), –Ø–∫–∏–º –°–∫–æ—Ä–Ω—è–∫ (30 —Ä—É–±.), –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–≤—à–∏–π—Å—è —Å–∫–æ—Ä–Ω—è—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, –∏ –ø–ª–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫ –î–µ–Ω–∏—Å –ö–∏—Ä–∏–ª–ª–æ–≤ (27 —Ä—É–±.), – –∏ –ª–∏—à—å –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç—ã–π –∂–∏–ª –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –±–µ–¥–Ω–æ. –ü—Ä–µ–æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–µ–π —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∫–∞ –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω–æ –¥–ª—è –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –∏ –ù–∏–∂–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–∏—Ç—å –∫—Ä–µ–º–ª—å-–¥–µ—Ç–∏–Ω–µ—Ü, –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤–∏ –∏ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–∫ –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª –Ω–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ-–ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—Å–ª–æ–≤–æ–µ —Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –û—Ç –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∞, –æ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–µ–Ω–æ–π —Å –±–∞—à–Ω—è–º–∏, –≤–¥–æ–ª—å –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –≤–≤–µ—Ä—Ö –Ω–æ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—é —Ç—è–Ω—É–ª–∞—Å—å —Ü–µ–ø–æ—á–∫–∞ —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥ – –†—ã–±–Ω–∞—è, –ë–æ–ª–¥—ã—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –∏ –í–æ–∑–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è; –∑–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –ª–µ–∂–∞–ª–∏ –æ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—ã –∏ –∫–∞–±–∞—Ü–∫–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ.

–î–æ–º–∞ —Å —É—Å–∞–¥–µ–±–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞–º–∏, –∞ –∑–∞—á–∞—Å—Ç—É—é –∏ –æ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º–∏, —Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–Ω–æ. –°–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑ —Ç–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤: “…–∞ –Ω–∞ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ… —Ö–æ—Ä–æ–º—ã, –∏–∑–±–∞ –ª–∏–ø–æ–≤–∞—è 6 —Ä–µ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è, –¥–∞ –ø–æ–≤–∞—é—à–∞ —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞—è –±—Ä–µ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Å —á–µ—Ä–¥–∞–∫–æ–º, –¥–∞ —Å–µ–Ω–∏, –¥–∞ –ø–æ–≥—Ä–µ–±, –ø–µ—á—å –Ω–∞–¥–≤–æ—Ä–Ω–∞—è, –±–∞–Ω—è –æ—Å–æ–∫–æ—Ä–µ–≤–∞—è –±—Ä–µ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è, –¥–∞ —Ö–ª–µ–≤, –¥–≤–æ—Ä –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—å–±–µ –∏ —Å –≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç—ã. –î–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–Ω–∏–≥, –∞ –≤ –º–µ–∂–∞—Ö —Ç–æ—Ç… –¥–≤–æ—Ä –ø–æ–¥–ª–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞ –ß—É–¥–æ–≤–∞ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—è, –∞ –ø–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥—É—é —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—É –¥–≤–æ—Ä –ö–∏—Ä–∏–ª—ã —á–∞—Å–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞, –∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —É–ª–∏—Ü—É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–π –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥”. –ö–∞–∫ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –¥–≤–æ—Ä —Å–æ—Å–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª —Å –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º –ø–æ–¥–≤–æ—Ä—å–µ–º –∏ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∞–º–∏ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–∞, –≤ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–µ. –ï–¥–≤–∞ –ª–∏ –Ω–µ –≤ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ª–æ—à–∞–¥—å, –∞ —Ç–æ –∏ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ, –∫–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã, –∫–æ–∑—ã, –æ–≤—Ü—ã, –∫—É—Ä—ã. –°–∫–æ—Ç –∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ç–∞–±—É–Ω—ã –ø–∞—Å–ª–∏ –∑–∞ –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–±–∞–º–∏ –≤ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏, –≤ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–æ–π–º–∞—Ö, –Ω–∞ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã—Ö —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–æ–π –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ö. –î–æ 1688 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø–∞—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∑–µ–º–ª–∏, –Ω–æ –∏ –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –µ–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—É, –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ –Ω–µ —Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—å—Å—è –∑–µ–º–ª–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏–µ–º – —Å–ª–∏—à–∫–æ–º –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ —É–≥—Ä–æ–∑–∞ –∏–∑ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–π.

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–∞ –†–∞–∑–∏–Ω–∞
2. –°–º—É—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ
3. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ü–æ—Ö–≤–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞