–ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç—å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –≤ 16 – 17 –≤–µ–∫–∞—Ö

–°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞, —Å —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–µ—Ä—ã–≤–Ω–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∏ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä—è–ª–∞—Å—å. –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–∫ —É—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª –∑–∞ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã—Ö —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π, –ø—Ä–∏—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞–ª —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∞–º–∏, —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤—è–º–∏ –∏ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—è–º–∏, –∫–∞–±–∞–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞–º–∏. –ü–æ—è–≤–∏–ª—Å—è –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥ —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–º –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º: —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—å—Ü—ã, –ø—É—à–∫–∞—Ä–∏ –∏ –∏–Ω–æ–∑–µ–º—Ü—ã –≤—Å–µ —á–∞—â–µ –∏ —á–∞—â–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –∫ –≤—ã–≥–æ–¥–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –æ–±—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ —Å–µ–º—å—è–º–∏ –∏ —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±–∞–º–∏. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü—ã –≤ –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤–æ–π –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –û–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–ø–æ—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–æ–≤ —Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –Ω–µ–æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–µ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–æ—Ä–º –ø–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ù–æ –Ω–∏–∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∏ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ, –Ω–∏ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –Ω–µ –∑–∞–±—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–¥ –±–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –æ–∫–æ–º –¥–∞–ª–µ–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –≤ –ª–∏—Ü–µ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –¢–µ–º –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –Ω–µ –∑–∞–±—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ –æ–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–∞, —Å–ª–∞–≤—à–∞—è —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –≥–æ–Ω—Ü–æ–≤ —Å–æ –≤—Å–µ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–º–∏, –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–º–∏, —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ —Å–ª—É–∂–± –∏ –ø–æ–±–æ—Ä–æ–≤.

–ê–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–π —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–π –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ó–∞ —Ç–µ—Å–Ω—ã–º —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ–∫–æ–ª–æ–º —Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–Ω–∞—è, –∏–ª–∏, –∫–∞–∫ –µ–µ –µ—â–µ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏, —Å—ä–µ–∑–∂–∞—è –∏–∑–±–∞, —Ç—é—Ä—å–º–∞, –æ—Å–∞–¥–Ω—ã–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—ã, –∞–º–±–∞—Ä—ã —Å–æ —Å—ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–ø–∞—Å–∞–º–∏, —É—Å–∞–¥—å–±—ã –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥ –∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π. –í—Å–µ –¥–µ–ª–∞, –∫–∞—Å–∞—é—â–∏–µ—Å—è –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ –µ–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π, —Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑–±–µ. –í –Ω–µ–π “—Å–∏–¥–µ–ª–∏” –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –µ–≥–æ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–∏, –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏—á–∏–π, –∏–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏. –ù–æ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–º–∏ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–º–∏ –ª–∏—Ü–∞–º–∏ –≤ —Å—ä–µ–∑–∂–µ–π –∏–∑–±–µ –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤—É —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ–¥—å—è—á–∏–∏. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏—Ö –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ – –æ–¥–∏–Ω-–¥–≤–∞, –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—ã–ª–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ–Ω–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥—ã – –Ω–∞ –ø–∞—Ä—É –ª–µ—Ç, —Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ –Ω–∞ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –¥–ª–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —Å—Ä–æ–∫. –í—Ä–µ–º—è —à–ª–æ, –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è, –∏ —É–∂–µ –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 1680-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –Ω–∞—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —á–µ—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–æ –ø–æ–¥—å—è—á–∏—Ö. –≠—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç—ã —à–∏—Ä–æ—á–∞–π—à–µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–∏–ª—è – –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–æ–∫–∏ –¥–µ–ª–æ–ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ —é—Ä–∏—Å–ø—Ä—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∏, –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–∏—Å—Ç—ã, –±—É—Ö–≥–∞–ª—Ç–µ—Ä—ã, –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–µ–Ω—Ü—ã –ø–æ –æ—Å–æ–±–æ –≤–∞–∂–Ω—ã–º –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞–º, – —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ–º, –ø—Ä–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞.

–ò –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏ –∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω—å–µ –æ–Ω–∏ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –∫–≤–∞–ª–∏—Ñ–∏–∫–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –ü–æ –æ–∫–ª–∞–¥–Ω—ã–º —Ä–æ—Å–ø–∏—Å—è–º –∏–º –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã, —Å—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏–º—ã–µ —Å –æ–∫–ª–∞–¥–∞–º–∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π. –ü–æ–º–∏–º–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤–∞ –∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω—å—è –≤ —Ä—É–∫–∏ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –æ—Ç–æ–≤—Å—é–¥—É —Å—Ç–µ–∫–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ—Å—É–ª—ã –∏ –ø–æ–¥–∞—Ä–∫–∏. –ò–∑–¥–∞–≤–Ω–∞ —Ç–∞–∫ –ø–æ–≤–µ–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å–∏: —Ö–æ—á–µ—à—å –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç – –ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏, —Ö–æ—á–µ—à—å, —á—Ç–æ–± —Ç–µ–±–µ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–±–∏—Ç–Ω—É—é, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è “–¥–æ–π–¥–µ—Ç –¥–æ —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ…” – –Ω–µ —Å–∫—É–ø–∏—Å—å. –ù–æ –∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã —É –ø–æ–¥—å—è—á–∏—Ö –±—ã–ª –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª–æ. –ö–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –¥–µ–Ω—å –æ–Ω–∏ “—Å–∏–¥–µ–ª–∏” –≤ —Å—ä–µ–∑–∂–µ–π –∏–∑–±–µ, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å–µ—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π, –æ—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–ª—è–ª–∏ –¥–µ–ª–∞, –≤–µ–ª–∏ –±—É—Ö–≥–∞–ª—Ç–µ—Ä–∏—é. –ü–æ–¥—å—è—á–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å—ã–ª–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ —Ç–∞–º–æ–∂–Ω—é –∏ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤—ã, –≤ –∫–∞–±–∞–∫–∏, –Ω–∞ —Ä—ã–±–Ω—ã–µ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤—ã –¥–≤–æ—Ä—ã –∏ –≤ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ—Å—ã–ª–∫–∏. –ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –∏ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤ –æ—Ç–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –±–µ—Å–ø—Ä–µ—Ä—ã–≤–Ω—ã–µ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–ø–æ—Ä—ã, –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∫–∞ –º–µ–∂–µ–π –∏ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–π –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–µ–≤, –≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç–∫—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–π. –í –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ —Å—Ç–µ–∫–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è –æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –Ω–æ–≥–∞–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –∫–∞–ª–º—ã—Ü–∫–∏—Ö –æ—Ä–¥, –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –∫–æ—á–µ–≤–æ–π –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–∏, –æ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è—Ö –∫–∞–∑–∞—Ü–∫–∏—Ö –≤–∞—Ç–∞–≥.

–í—Å–µ —ç—Ç–∏ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å, –Ω–∞ –∏—Ö –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É, –∏–º–µ–≤—à–∏–µ —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–π –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –ü–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–Ω—ã —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –¥–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏–∫–∏ –µ–≥–æ —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞–ª–∏—á–∏–µ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—ã, –∫–∞–∫ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–¥—å—è—á–∏–µ. –í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤–æ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ 17 –≤–µ–∫–∞. –í –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–∏ –æ—Ç –æ–±—ã—á–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–¥—å—è—á–∏—Ö –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ—Ä–º–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏ –æ—Ç —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –Ω–∞ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑. –û–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ —É –Ω–∏—Ö –±—ã–ª–æ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ, –∏–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ –¥–∞–∂–µ –±—É–¥–æ—á–∫–∞, –≥–¥–µ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –¥–µ–ª–æ–≤—ã–µ –±—É–º–∞–≥–∏ –≤—Å–µ–º –∂–µ–ª–∞—é—â–∏–º. –ù–∞ —Ç–∞–∫—É—é —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª—ã–π, —á–∏—Å—Ç–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π, –≤ –æ–±—â–µ–º-—Ç–æ, —Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å, –∏–Ω–∞—á–µ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∫–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ç—å—Å—è. –í—Å–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –±—É–º–∞–≥–∏, –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–∏–µ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —Å—ä–µ–∑–∂–∏–µ –∏–∑–±—ã –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤, –æ–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ä–µ–≥–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º –ü–µ—á–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–µ –∏ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏.

–ò—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏, –∏–∑—É—á–∞–≤—à–∏–µ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ – –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –¶–∞—Ä–∏—Ü—ã–Ω–∞, —É–¥–∏–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —Ç–∞–∫–æ–º—É –ø–∞—Ä–∞–¥–æ–∫—Å–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—É: –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–µ–π –ø–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ 17 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–∞–∑–¥–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ, —á–µ–º –ø–æ –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤—É, –¶–∞—Ä–∏—Ü—ã–Ω—É –∏ –ß–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–º—É –Ø—Ä—É (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –≤ –ê—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏) –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –≤–∑—è—Ç—ã–º, –º–µ–∂ —Ç–µ–º –ø–æ —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–∞–º –∏ —á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –Ω–µ –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª—è–ª–∞—Å—å, —É—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—è –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤—É. –ù–µ–ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç–Ω–æ, —á–µ–º –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω–∏—Ç—å —Ç–∞–∫—É—é —É–≤–∞–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é –ª—é–±–æ–≤—å, –¥–∞–∂–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Å—Ç—å —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∫ “–±—É–º–∞–∂–µ—á–∫–µ”, –Ω–æ —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º –≤–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å –∫–æ—Ä–º–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–¥—å—è—á–∏–µ, –Ω–µ—Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ —Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –∫—É–ø–µ—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω—ã, –∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –æ–∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª—è–ª–∏ —á—É–≤–∞—à–∏ –∏ –º–æ—Ä–¥–≤–∞. –î–ª—è –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π —Å –Ω–∏–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ —Å—ä–µ–∑–∂–µ–π –∏–∑–±–µ –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∏ –¥–≤—É—Ö —Ç–æ–ª–º–∞—á–µ–π, –ø–æ-–Ω—ã–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–º—É, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–¥—á–∏–∫–æ–≤ – —Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ —á—É–≤–∞—à—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥—ã –≤—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –ª–∏—Ü–æ–º –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏—á–∏–π, –∏–ª–∏, –∫–∞–∫ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–∏, –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—á–∏–∫. –î–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —ç—Ç–∞, –ø–æ-–≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ–º—É, —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∞ –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª—ã–π –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥, –ø–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ, –ø—Ä–µ—Ç–µ–Ω–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ –ø–æ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –∫–∞–Ω–¥–∏–¥–∞—Ç–æ–≤.

–û—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–º–∏ –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω–µ –∏ –¥–µ—Ç–∏ –±–æ—è—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ. –ù–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä–µ–Ω—Ü–∏—é –∏–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–µ–∑–∂–∏–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω–µ –∏–∑ –°–≤–∏—è–∂—Å–∫–∞, –ê–ª–∞—Ç—ã—Ä—è –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤. –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏—á–∏–π –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–º –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞–º–∏ –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏, –æ–±–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏, –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏, –Ω–∞–¥–∑–æ—Ä–æ–º –∑–∞ —Å–±–æ—Ä–æ–º –Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–≤ —Å –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, –ø—Ä–∏–µ–º–æ–º –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–≤ –∏ —Ç.–ø. –ü—Ä–∞–≤—è—â–∞—è –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∞ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–≤—ã–µ, –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–æ–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –Ω–æ –∏ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π —Ä—É–∫–æ–π –Ω–∞–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞ –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ. –í 1655-56 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –ø–æ—è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–π, –æ—Ç–≤–µ—á–∞–≤—à–∏–π –∑–∞ —Ä–æ–∑—ã—Å–∫ –ø–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è–º, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—É–ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–±–æ–µ–≤, –∑–∞ —è–≤–∫—É —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω –≤ —Å—É–¥. –ü—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ–¥–æ–∑—Ä–µ–≤–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö —Å–∞–∂–∞–ª–∏ –≤ —Ç–µ–º–Ω—É—é –∏ —Å—ã—Ä—É—é —Ç—é—Ä–µ–º–Ω—É—é –∏–∑–±—É, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–≤—à—É—é—Å—è –≤ –¥–µ—Ç–∏–Ω—Ü–µ, –ø–æ–¥ –æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—É –¥—é–∂–µ–≥–æ —Ç—é—Ä–µ–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞. –î–ª—è –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–π –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–º —à—Ç–∞—Ç–µ –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∏ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–∞–ª–∞—á–∞. –û–±–æ–∏–º —ç—Ç–∏–º –º–æ–ª–æ–¥—Ü–∞–º, –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞. –ì–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π –æ–ø–æ—Ä–æ–π –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥—ã –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è –∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å – –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω–µ –∏ –¥–µ—Ç–∏ –±–æ—è—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–π —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã.

–û–Ω–∏ –∑–∞—á–∞—Å—Ç—É—é –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–∏ —à—Ç–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π –∏ –ª–∏—à—å –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–Ω–æ–π –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—å –ø–æ—Å—Ç—ã –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ, —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤. –ù–∞ –ø–æ–¥—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—Ö –∫ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫—É, –≤ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏, –Ω–∞ —Ä–µ–∫–∞—Ö –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –ø–æ –ø—É—Ç–∏ —Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ä–µ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Å—É—Ö–æ–ø—É—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∂–∫–∏ – —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—ã, –∫—É–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –æ–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Å—Ä–æ–∫ –ø–æ—Å—ã–ª–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç—Ä—è–¥—ã —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—å—Ü–æ–≤ –≤–æ –≥–ª–∞–≤–µ —Å –∫–∞–∫–∏–º-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–º. –ù–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞—Ö-—Ç–∞–º–æ–∂–Ω—è—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä—è–ª–∏—Å—å –≥—Ä—É–∑—ã, –≤—ã–∏—Å–∫–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å “–∑–∞–ø–æ–≤–µ–¥–Ω—ã–µ” —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä—ã, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –∫–æ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–±–∞–Ω–¥–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –ø—ã—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–∑—Ç–∏ –∫–æ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º –∏–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∑–∞–∫–∞–º, –≤–∑–∏–º–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –ø–æ—à–ª–∏–Ω–∞. –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤—ã –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –Ω–µ–±–ª–∏–∑–∫–æ – –≤ –∑–∞—Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å—Ç–µ–ø—è—Ö –≤ “–û—Å–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∞—Ö” (—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ–Ω–∞—Ö–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ–∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ), –Ω–∞ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ-—É—Å–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∫–µ, –∏ –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω—ã –∏—Ö –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Å —Ç–∞–º–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–µ–≤—É—é, —É–ø—Ä–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Ä–æ–ª—å. –î–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω –ø–æ—Å—ã–ª–∞–ª–∏ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –º–µ–∂–µ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º – –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π, –æ–Ω–∏ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–∏ —Å–ø–æ—Ä—ã –º–µ–∂–¥—É —É–µ–∑–¥–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–∞–º–∏, –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—á–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–∏–∫–∞–º–∏.

–û—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞ –∫ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫—É –ø—Ä–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –º–∞—Ä—à—Ä—É—Ç—ã “–ø–∞—Ç—Ä—É–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö” –¥–æ–∑–æ—Ä–æ–≤, –∫ –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏–º –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–µ—Ü–∫–∏–µ –æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç—Ä—è–¥—ã, –∏ –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –æ–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è—Ö –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ —Ñ–µ–æ–¥–∞–ª—ã. –ë—Ä–µ–º—è –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω–∏–Ω–∞, –∫–∞–∫ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ –∏–∑ –ª–µ–≥–∫–∏—Ö, –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç—å –∏—Ö –∂–∞–ª–æ–±—ã –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–∞–º–∏ “–æ—Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å” –æ—Ç —Ç—è–∂–µ–ª—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Å—ã–ª–æ–∫. –û–±–æ—Å–æ–±–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º, —á–∏—Å—Ç–æ –º–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ —è–≤–ª—è–ª–∞—Å—å –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –æ–±—â–∏–Ω–∞. –û–Ω–∞ –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∞–ª–∞ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∞, —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Ç –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤–æ–π —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã, –Ω–æ –æ–±—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–º —Ç—è–≥–ª–æ–º. –ü–æ–º–∏–º–æ —Ç—è–≥–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª–µ–∂–∞–ª–∏ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ–≤–∏–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É-—Ç–æ –∏–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –±–∏–ª–∏ —á–µ–ª–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç—è–º —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–æ–π “–û –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥—è—Ö”. –ü–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ–±—â–∏–Ω—ã –≤ –ø–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö —Ç–∏–ø–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏ –∏ –Ω–µ–±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã. –û–± –∏—Ö –Ω–µ–≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–π —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–±–æ—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–≤ – –ø—è—Ç–∏–Ω –∏ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å, –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –ø—è—Ç–æ–π –∏–ª–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–æ–π –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–ø–ª–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—â–∏–∫–∞. –í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π —Å–±–æ—Ä –≤ 1616 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª 700 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –≤ –£—Ñ–µ 500 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∫–∞–∫, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –≤ –ù–∏–∂–Ω–µ–º –ù–æ–≤–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ 12 000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π.

–ü–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –∂–∏–ª–∏ –≤ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è—Ö —Å–∞–º–æ—É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ù–∞ —Å—Ö–æ–¥–µ –æ–Ω–∏ –∏–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª–∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—É –∏ –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–º–æ—â–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ – “–≤—ã–±–æ—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö”: —Å–æ—Ç—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç—Å–∫–∏—Ö. –ú–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—ã –∏ –≤—ã–±–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –∏–≥—Ä–∞–ª–∏ –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω—É—é —Ä–æ–ª—å –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ —Ä–µ–≥—É–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –æ–±—â–∏–Ω—ã, –Ω–æ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –≤–æ –≤–∑–∞–∏–º–æ–æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∞ —Å —Ñ–µ–æ–¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–µ–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –ù–∞ –≤—ã–±–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤—ã–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞–ª–∏ –ª—é–¥–µ–π –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö, –ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞—â–∏—Ç–∏—Ç—å –æ—Ç –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—â–∏—Ö –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å—ã “–º–∏—Ä–∞”. –ü—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞, –º–∞–ª–æ –æ—Ö–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—Ç—å —ç—Ç–∏ —Ö–ª–æ–ø–æ—Ç–ª–∏–≤—ã–µ –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –†—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –æ–±—â–∏–Ω—ã –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –º–µ–∂ –¥–≤—É—Ö –æ–≥–Ω–µ–π – –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∞ —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –æ—Ç –Ω–∏—Ö —Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —Å–∞–º–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö —Å —Ö–æ–∑—è–µ–≤–∞–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑–±—ã, –∞ —Ç–µ, –≤ —Å–≤–æ—é –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å, —Å –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ–º –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –Ω–µ—É–∫–æ—Å–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ —Ñ–µ–æ–¥–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–≤–∏–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ù–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ –≤—ã–±–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ª–∏—à–∞–ª–∏—Å—å “–∂–∏–≤–æ—Ç–æ–≤” – —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –Ω–æ –∏ –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–µ–∂–µ, –æ—Ç–≤–µ—á–∞—è –∑–∞ –Ω–µ–¥–æ–∏–º–∫–∏ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–∏—Ä–∞.

–í –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–∏ –æ—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–π –ï–≤—Ä–æ–ø—ã, –∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –¥–µ–ª–∞–ª–æ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º, —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–π —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º —Ñ–µ–æ–¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ—è –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ – –ø–æ–¥ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–º —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω–æ–π –∫–∞–∑–Ω–∏ – –ø–æ–∫–∏–Ω—É—Ç—å –ø–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –≤–æ–ª–µ –æ–±—â–∏–Ω—É. “–ß–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏”, –∫–∞–∫ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö, –æ–±—è–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å –≤ –∫–∞–∑–Ω—É –≤—Å–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –∏ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–≤, –∏–ª–∏ “–≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤–∞ —Ç—è–≥–ª–∞”, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—Ç—å —É—Ç–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ “–∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π”. –ö —ç—Ç–∏–º —Å–ª—É–∂–±–∞–º –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Ä–µ–º–æ–Ω—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã, –ø–æ–¥–≤–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è –ø–æ–≤–∏–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–∞–º–æ–∂–Ω—è–º–∏, –∫–∞–±–∞–∫–∞–º–∏, –∫—Ä—É–∂–µ—á–Ω—ã–º–∏ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏, —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ —ç–∫—Å–ø–µ–¥–∏—Ü–∏—è–º–∏. –ì–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã –∏ —Ü–µ–ª–æ–≤–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –∏–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤—Å–µ–º –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–º –º–∏—Ä–æ–º –∏ –æ—Ç–≤–µ—á–∞–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –∏ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –≤–∑–∏–º–∞–µ–º—ã–µ –¥–µ–Ω–µ–∂–Ω—ã–µ –∏ –Ω–∞—Ç—É—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Å–±–æ—Ä—ã. –ù–µ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä—è –Ω–∞ –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω—é—é –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏ –∫–∞–∂—É—â–∏–µ—Å—è –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –¥–ª—è –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–æ –æ–±–æ–≥–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—è, –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –≤—ã–±–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∫–∞–∫ —Ç—è–∂–µ–ª—É—é –ø–æ–≤–∏–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å.

–í—Å–µ –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—á–∏ –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥—ã –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—ã “–¥–æ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏” –∂–µ—Å—Ç–æ—á–∞–π—à–∏–º —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–æ–º —Å —Å–∞–º–∏—Ö –≤—ã–±–æ—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö, –ø—Ä–∏—á–µ–º —Å–∞–º–æ–π “–ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ–π” –º–µ—Ä–æ–π —è–≤–ª—è–ª—Å—è –ø—Ä–∞–≤–µ–∂. –ó–∞ –æ–±—ã–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π, —Ä—É—Ç–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å—é –º–∞–ª–µ–Ω—å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á—å–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∑–∞—Ç–∞–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª—é—Å–æ–≤: —É—Å–∏–ª–∏—è –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π –ø–æ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—é –∏ —É–∂–µ—Å—Ç–æ—á–µ–Ω–∏—é —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∫–∞ – –∏ –≥–ª—É—Ö–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω, —Å–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–Ω–æ, –Ω–æ —É–ø–æ—Ä–Ω–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö—Å—è —Ö–æ—Ç—å –∫–∞–∫-—Ç–æ –æ–±–ª–µ–≥—á–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ù–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å–ª—É–∂–±–∞–º–∏ –¥–∞ –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ —Ö–ª–æ–ø–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤. –í–∞–∂–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∞ —Ä–µ–ª–∏–≥–∏—è. –ü–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–≤—à–∞—è –∏–º—è –ü—Ä–µ—Å–≤—è—Ç–æ–π –∏ –ñ–∏–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –¢—Ä–æ–∏—Ü—ã, –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∞ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ – –≤ 1586 –≥–æ–¥—É. –î–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω–∞—è, —Å –ø—Ä–∏–¥–µ–ª–æ–º –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è –ß—É–¥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä—Ü–∞, –æ–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ –¥–æ–ª–≥–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π —Å–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å—é –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –û–¥–Ω–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Ö—Ä–∞–º –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è –ß—É–¥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä—Ü–∞ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª –æ–±–æ—Å–æ–±–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, —Å–∞–º–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ.

–î–≤–æ—Ä—ã –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ —Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ü–∫–∏—Ö –ø–æ–ø–æ–≤, –¥—å—è—á–∫–∞, –¥—å—è–∫–æ–Ω–∞ –∏ –ø–æ–Ω–æ–º–∞—Ä–µ–π –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤ –ë–æ–ª–¥—ã—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–µ. –í 1685 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—É—é –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –ü—Ä–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫—É—é —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å, –æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∫–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω—ã –≤ 1952 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø—Ä–∏ –≤–æ–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –º–æ—Å—Ç–∞ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —Ä–µ–∫—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É. –ö–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á –¥–ª—è –Ω–µ–µ –æ–±–∂–∏–≥–∞–ª–∏ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä–∏ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —É–∂–µ –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 1600-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤. –ò –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –∏ –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ–¥–∏–Ω–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ – –°–ø–∞—Å–æ-–ü—Ä–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ. –í –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –æ—Ç —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∏—Ü –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—è, –∂–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤–æ –∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω—å–µ –∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–¥–∞—è–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–∂–∞–Ω, –º–æ–Ω–∞—Ö–∏ –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –¥–æ–º–æ–≤—ã–º –ø–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–∞—Ä—à–∏–º, –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª–∏ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç–æ–π –≤–æ—Ç—á–∏–Ω–æ–π –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–µ —Å –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω—è–º–∏ –∏ —Å–µ–ª–∞–º–∏ –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–æ, –ü–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ä—ã, –í—ã–ø–æ–ª–∑–æ–≤–æ, –ù–æ–≤–∏–Ω–∫–∏, –®–µ–ª–µ—Ö–º–µ—Ç—å, –¢–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–≤–æ–µ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º–∏. –°—Ç–∞—Ä—Ü—ã, –ø–æ–¥–∞–≤–∞—è –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä “—Å–≤—è—Ç–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏”, –Ω–µ –∑–∞–±—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∏ –æ –ø–æ–≤—Å–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–æ–π –º–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π, —Ä–µ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∏ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ.

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. Занятия и промыслы Самарцев в 17 – 18 веках
2. –°–º—É—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ
3. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–∞ –†–∞–∑–∏–Ω–∞