–ì–µ—Ä–± –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏

–ì–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏–∫–æ–π (–æ—Ç —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞—Ç–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ “heraldus” – –≥–ª–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞–π) –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤—Å–ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –¥–∏—Å—Ü–∏–ø–ª–∏–Ω–∞, –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥–º–µ—Ç–æ–º –∏—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –≥–µ—Ä–± – —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∑–Ω–∞–∫ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏—è –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–∏—Ü, —Ñ–∞–º–∏–ª–∏–π, —Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤, –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤, –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–π, —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π. –ì–µ—Ä–±—ã –∏–º–µ–ª–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ—Ä–ø–æ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ – –≥–∏–ª—å–¥–∏–∏, —Ü–µ—Ö–∏ –∏ —Ç.–ø. –ì–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –≤ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π – –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å. –û—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞–¥–∞—á–µ–π –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏–∫–∏ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∞—Ç—Ä–∏–±—É—Ü–∏—è –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤, —Ç.–µ. –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ì–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏–∫–∞ —Ç–µ—Å–Ω–æ —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–∞ —Å –≥–µ–Ω–µ–∞–ª–æ–≥–∏–µ–π, –∏—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–π –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏–µ —Ä–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–π, –∏ —Å—Ñ—Ä–∞–≥–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∫–æ–π, –∏–∑—É—á–∞—é—â–µ–π –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∏.

–ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –≤–µ–∫–∞ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–æ–π–Ω, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–ª–∞ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å –¥–æ–±–ª–µ—Å—Ç—å –∏ —Ö—Ä–∞–±—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤—ã–¥–∞—é—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –≤–æ–∏–Ω–æ–≤. –í–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±–æ–µ–≤—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤ –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã, —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—â–∞–≤—à–∏–µ—Å—è –Ω–∞ —â–∏—Ç–∞—Ö —Ä—ã—Ü–∞—Ä–µ–π, —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∏—Ö –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é, –ø–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –¥–æ—Å–ø–µ—Ö–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–º–∏ –∏ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–º–∏, –∞ –ª–∏—Ü–∞ —Ä—ã—Ü–∞—Ä–µ–π —Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —à–ª–µ–º–∞–º–∏. –ü–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ä—ã—Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Ç—É—Ä–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–ª–∞ –∫ –ø–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–ª–∞—à–∞—Ç–∞–µ–≤. –ì–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ä—ã—Ü–∞—Ä—è – –≥–µ—Ä–æ–ª—å–¥–æ–≤, –≤ –∑–∞–¥–∞—á—É –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ –∏ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –°–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–µ–º –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∑–Ω–∞–∫–∏ —Ä—ã—Ü–∞—Ä–µ–π —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ —Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤—ã–º–∏, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞—è—Å—å –ø–æ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤—É. –ë—ã–ª–∞ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–Ω–∞ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤.

–í 14 –≤–µ–∫–µ –≤ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–µ–≤—Ä–æ–ø–µ–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞—Ö –¥–∞–∂–µ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è – –≥–µ—Ä–æ–ª—å–¥–∏–∏, –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–∏–≤–∞–≤—à–∏–µ —Å–æ–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–≤—à–∏–µ —Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏ – –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –°–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–µ–º –≥–µ—Ä–æ–ª—å–¥–∏–∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∏ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—É—Å. –í —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ —Å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞–º–∏ —Ç–µ–æ—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏–∫–∏ –≥–µ—Ä–± –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å—Å—è –∏–∑ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —á–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π: —â–∏—Ç–∞, —à–ª–µ–º–∞, —â–∏—Ç–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π (—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω—ã—Ö —Ñ–∏–≥—É—Ä, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –∂–∏–≤–æ—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö, –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—â–∏—Ö —â–∏—Ç), –Ω–∞—à–ª–µ–º–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã, –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ç–æ–≤ (—É–∫—Ä–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤ –≤–∏–¥–µ –≤–∏–Ω—å–µ—Ç–∫–∏, –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–µ–π –∏–∑-–∑–∞ —à–ª–µ–º–∞), –º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–∏ (–±–∞—Ä—Ö–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ—Ç–Ω–∏—â–∞, –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–µ–≥–æ –∏–∑-–ø–æ–¥ –∫–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –∏ –ø–æ–¥–±–∏—Ç–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Ö–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∞—è), –≤—Å–µ–≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö —É–∫—Ä–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏–π, –æ–±—Ä–∞–º–ª—è—é—â–∏—Ö —â–∏—Ç. –û—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è —â–∏—Ç, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏—Ö –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤:

—Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–∏–π – —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ—Ö—É–≥–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—ã —Å –∑–∞–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤–Ω–∏–∑—É –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ –≤ –≤–∏–¥–µ –∫—Ä—É–≥–ª–æ–π —Å–∫–æ–±–∫–∏ (–≤—ã—Å–æ—Ç–∞ —â–∏—Ç–∞ —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∞ 9/8 –µ–≥–æ —à–∏—Ä–∏–Ω—ã);

–∏—Å–ø–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π – –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç —Ç–µ –∂–µ –ø—Ä–æ–ø–æ—Ä—Ü–∏–∏, —á—Ç–æ –∏ —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–∏–π, –Ω–æ —Å –∑–∞–∫—Ä—É–≥–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤–Ω–∏–∑—É –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ —Å–∫–æ–±–∫–∏;

–≤–∞—Ä—è–∂—Å–∫–∏–π – —Ç—Ä–µ—É–≥–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π, —Å –ø–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ –∏–∑–≥–∏–±–∞—é—â–∏–º–∏—Å—è –±–æ–∫–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–∞–º–∏.

–°—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∫–≤–∞–¥—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–µ, –∫—Ä—É–≥–ª—ã–µ, —Ä–æ–º–±–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã–µ —â–∏—Ç—ã –∏ —â–∏—Ç—ã —Å –≤—ã—á—É—Ä–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞–º–∏ (–Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –≥–µ—Ä–º–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π). –ì–µ—Ä–±—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ —Ä–µ–ª—å–µ—Ñ–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ –ø–ª–æ—Å–∫–æ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏, —Ü–≤–µ—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏, –Ω–æ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –ø–æ –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–º –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞–º –∏ –≤ —á–µ—Ä–Ω–æ-–±–µ–ª–æ–º –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç–µ. –û–Ω–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å –∏–∑ –¥–≤—É—Ö –¥—Ä–∞–≥–æ—Ü–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Ç–∞–ª–ª–æ–≤ (–∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–∞ –∏ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä–∞, –ø—Ä–∏—á–µ–º –≤ –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏–∫–µ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–º –∏ –∂–µ–ª—Ç—ã–º, —Å–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä–æ–º –∏ –±–µ–ª—ã–º —Ü–≤–µ—Ç–æ–º), –ø—è—Ç–∏ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∏—Ñ—Ç–µ–π – —ç–º–∞–ª–µ–π (–ª–∞–∑—É—Ä–∏, –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω—è—é—â–µ–π —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç—Ç–µ–Ω–∫–∏ —Å–∏–Ω–µ–≥–æ –∏ –≥–æ–ª—É–±–æ–≥–æ; —á–µ—Ä–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏, –æ–±–æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞—é—â–µ–π –∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π –∏–ª–∏ –∞–ª—ã–π —Ü–≤–µ—Ç; –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏; —á–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–π; –ø—É—Ä–ø—É—Ä–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –æ—Ç—Ç–µ–Ω–∫–∞–º–∏ —Ñ–∏–æ–ª–µ—Ç–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ, —Å–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ –∏–ª–∏ —Ö–æ–ª–æ–¥–Ω–æ-–º–∞–ª–∏–Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ —Ü–≤–µ—Ç–∞), –º–µ—Ö–æ–≤ (–±–µ–ª–∏—á—å–µ–≥–æ, –≥–æ—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∞–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ, —Å–æ–±–æ–ª—å–µ–≥–æ).

–û—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏–∫–∏ –∑–∞–ø—Ä–µ—â–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –º–µ—Ç–∞–ª–ª–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ñ–∏–≥—É—Ä—ã –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Ç–∞–ª–ª –∏ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∏—Ñ—Ç–µ–≤—ã–µ – –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∏—Ñ—Ç—å.

Для случаев, когда герб необходимо было исполнить в одноцветном варианте (например, на фамильном столовом серебре или на печати), были разработаны особые правила изображения цветов. Серебро изображается не заштрихованной поверхностью, золото передается черными точками по белому полю. Цвета финифтей графически показываются следующим образом: червлень Рвертикальными линиями, лазурь Ргоризонтальными линиями, зелень Рдиагональными линиями справа налево, пурпур Рдиагональными линиями слева направо, черный цвет изображается поверхностью, закрашенной сплошь, а при рельефном воспроизведении Рпересекающимися горизонтальными и вертикальными линиями. Горностаевый мех графически изображался в виде хвостиков по белому полю, беличий — фигурами, напоминающими разделанную и развернутую беличью шкурку, по белому полю, соболий мех Рчерным цветом. В случае перемены цветов (поле черное, а знаки белые) мех назывался противогорностаевым или противобеличьим.

–í –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏–∫–µ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —Å —Ç–æ—á–∫–∏ –∑—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∫—Ç–æ —Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –∑–∞ –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤—ã–º —â–∏—Ç–æ–º. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–π —â–∏—Ç–∞ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ª–µ–≤–∞—è –æ—Ç –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è, –ª–µ–≤–∞—è –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–∞ – —Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –æ—Ç –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è. –ñ–∏–≤—ã–µ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ (—á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –∑–≤–µ—Ä–∏, –∞–Ω–≥–µ–ª—ã –∏ —Ç.–ø.) –∏ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ñ–∏–≥—É—Ä—ã (–∫–æ—Ä–∞–±–ª–∏, –º–µ—á, —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∞, –ª—É–∫ –∏ —Ç.–ø.), –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ, –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞—Ö –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É—Ç—ã–º–∏ –≤–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ (–≤ –ª–µ–≤—É—é –æ—Ç –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—É) –∏–ª–∏ –ø—Ä—è–º–æ –Ω–∞ –∑—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è. –ü–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç –≤–ª–µ–≤–æ –Ω–µ —Ç–∏–ø–∏—á–µ–Ω –¥–ª—è –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏–∫–∏, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –∏ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Ä—è–¥–µ –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤, –∏–º–µ—é—â–∏—Ö –¥–∞–≤–Ω—é—é —Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∏—Ü–∏—é. –ò–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –¥–µ–≤–∏–∑ – –∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–æ–µ –∏–∑—Ä–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ (—á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –ª–∞—Ç–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —è–∑—ã–∫–µ), —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∑—É—é—â–µ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø—ã –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏, —É–±–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞. –î–µ–≤–∏–∑—ã –ø–æ–º–µ—â–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ª–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ö –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∞–º–∏ —â–∏—Ç–∞, –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥ —â–∏—Ç–æ–º, –ø—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ü–≤–µ—Ç –ª–µ–Ω—Ç—ã —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–º—É –ø–æ–ª—é –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞, –∞ —Ü–≤–µ—Ç –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä –¥–µ–≤–∏–∑–∞ – –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π —Ñ–∏–≥—É—Ä–µ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞.

–í –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–∏–∫–∞ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∞–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ 14 –≤–µ–∫–µ, —á–µ–º—É —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å—ã –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–Ω—è–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –≤ –µ–¥–∏–Ω–æ–µ –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–µ. –ò–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –≤–∏—Å–ª—ã—Ö –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—è—Ö – “–±—É–ª–ª–∞—Ö”, —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤—è—Ç—Å—è –≤—Å–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏, —Ç.–µ. –ø–æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–µ–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã. –í 1464 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –ï—Ä–º–æ–ª–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –ª–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å–∏ –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ —É–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤—Å–∞–¥–Ω–∏–∫ (–µ–∑–¥–µ—Ü), –ø–æ—Ä–∞–∂–∞—é—â–∏–π –∑–º–∏—è – –¥—Ä–∞–∫–æ–Ω–∞. –í–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Å–∞–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—è—Ö –∏ –º–æ–Ω–µ—Ç–∞—Ö –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏—Ö –∫–Ω—è–∑–µ–π, –∞ —Ç—Ä–∏ –≤–µ–∫–∞ —Å–ø—É—Å—Ç—è – –Ω–∞ –≥–µ—Ä–±–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—ã. –í 1497 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–ª–∞ –≤–∏—Å–ª–∞—è –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—å —Å –¥–≤—É–≥–ª–∞–≤—ã–º –æ—Ä–ª–æ–º, —Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏–º –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–º –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏.
–í 1672 –≥–æ–¥—É –±—ã–ª –∏–∑–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω “–¶–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω–∏–∫”, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø–æ–º–µ—â–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã 33 –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤, –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö –≤ –ø–æ–ª–Ω—ã–π —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π —Ç–∏—Ç—É–ª. –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∫–∞–∫ –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∏, –Ω–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–æ –∑–∞–Ω–æ–≤–æ. –û—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–∞—è —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞ –≥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–π –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –ø—Ä–∏ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–µ I, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤ 1722 –≥–æ–¥—É —É—á—Ä–µ–¥–∏–ª –ì–µ—Ä–æ–ª—å–¥–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –∫–æ–Ω—Ç–æ—Ä—É, –ø—Ä–∏–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—É—é —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã. –í —Ç–æ–º –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ—è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è “–¢–∞–±–µ–ª—å –æ —Ä–∞–Ω–≥–∞—Ö”. –í—Å–µ –ª–∏—Ü–∞, –¥–æ—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤—à–∏–µ—Å—è –¥–æ –∫–æ–ª–ª–µ–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∞—Å–µ—Å—Å–æ—Ä–∞ (—á–∏–Ω–∞ 8-–≥–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∞), –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –∞ —Å –Ω–∏–º –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –Ω–∞ —Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–π –≥–µ—Ä–±.
–í 18 – 19 –≤–µ–∫–∞—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –ø–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—é –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ –≤–µ–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∞–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ, —á–µ–º—É –≤ –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–∞—è —Ä–µ—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è 1775 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ “–ì—Ä–∞–º–æ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –∏ –≤—ã–≥–æ–¥—ã –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏”, –¥–∞–≤–∞–≤—à–∞—è –∏–º –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –∏–º–µ—Ç—å –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç—å —Å –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–º. –î–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–∞ 18 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω—ã –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 500 –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤. –í 1778 –≥–æ–¥—É –±—ã–ª–∞ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–Ω–∞ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –Ω–∞ –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö (–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö) –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞—Ö, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–≤—à–∞—è –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –≤ –≥–µ—Ä–±–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤—ã–π —â–∏—Ç, –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ, –¥–µ–ª–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ –¥–≤–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω—ã –ø–æ –≥–æ—Ä–∏–∑–æ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª–∏: –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω—é—é –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω—É —â–∏—Ç–∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –≥–µ—Ä–±, –Ω–∏–∂–Ω—é—é – —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≥–µ—Ä–± –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä II —Å–≤–æ–∏–º —É–∫–∞–∑–æ–º 1857 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ—Ç–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª —ç—Ç–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–≤ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Å—å —â–∏—Ç. –î–ª—è –æ–±–æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∫ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –≤–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º–∞—è –≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å – –ø—Ä—è–º–æ—É–≥–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫, –ø—Ä–∏–º—ã–∫–∞–≤—à–∏–π –∫ –∫—Ä–∞—é —â–∏—Ç–∞. –ü—Ä–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏–∑ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥—É—é –≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—è–ª–∞—Å—å. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –ø–æ–≤—Å–µ–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–µ —Å–æ–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–æ, –∏ –≤ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –±–µ–∑ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π.
–í –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ —Å–æ–≤–ø–∞–¥–∞–ª–∏, –Ω–æ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –±—ã—Ç—å –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–º–∏. –ö–∞–∫ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞ –≥–µ—Ä–±–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∞ –±–µ–ª–∞—è –¥–∏–∫–∞—è –∫–æ–∑–∞, —Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∞—è –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–µ –≤ –≥–æ–ª—É–±–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–µ. –í–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –æ–Ω–∞ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ “–ó–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–µ”, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –≤ 1729-1730 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö, –≥–¥–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–∏—Å–æ–≤–∞–Ω—ã –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã –¥–ª—è –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤, –Ω–æ—Å—è—â–∏—Ö –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∏—Ö –¥–∏—Å–ª–æ–∫–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –í –æ–≤–∞–ª–µ –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç—É—à–∞, —É–≤–µ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä—è–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–π, –±–µ–∑—Ä–æ–≥–∞—è –±–µ–ª–∞—è –∫–æ–∑–∞ —Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–µ –≤ –≥–æ–ª—É–±–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–µ. –ù–µ–ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —Ä–∏—Å—É–Ω–æ–∫ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏–ª–ª–µ—Ä–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω—Ç–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –ß–∏—Ä–∫–æ–≤–∞ –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∞ –Ω–∞–¥–ø–∏—Å—å: “–ë–µ–ª–∞—è –¥–∏–∫–∞—è –∫–æ–∑–∞”. –ü–æ—á–µ–º—É –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∫–æ–∑–∞? –ü—Ä–∏ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ –≤ –ì–µ—Ä–æ–ª—å–¥–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –∫–æ–Ω—Ç–æ—Ä—É –∏–∑ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—Ç—å —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã–µ –¥–ª—è –∏—Ö —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –∑–∞–ø—Ä–∞—à–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è –æ —Ä–µ–ª—å–µ—Ñ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ –∂–∏–≤–æ—Ç–Ω–æ–º –º–∏—Ä–µ –æ–∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å. –í–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–ª–∞–ª–∞ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–π —Å–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫, –≥–¥–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ —É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç–∞ –∏ –¥–∏–∫–∞—è –∫–æ–∑–∞. –ù–µ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—á–∏—Å–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏.

–í–æ –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ, –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –¥–ª—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –ø–ª–∞–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –∏–Ω–æ–π –≥–µ—Ä–± – –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∞—è –º–æ–≥–∏–ª–∞, –ª–∞–∑–æ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª–µ –∏ –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –∑–Ω–∞–∫ —Å–µ—Ä—ã, “–ø–æ–Ω–µ–∂–µ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–≥–∏–ª –∏ –≤ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ä–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è —Å–µ—Ä—ã”. –ü–æ–±–µ–¥–∏–ª–∞, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, –∫–æ–∑–∞, –∏ –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ —É–µ–∑–¥–Ω—ã–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–º –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –æ–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∞ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–π –≥–µ—Ä–±. 22 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1780 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–∞ II —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∏–ª–∞ –¥–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥ –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –æ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. “–ü–æ –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –í–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –í–µ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —É–∫–∞–∑—É, – –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –¥–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥–µ, – –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –ü—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –ö–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–ª—è—Ä–∏—è —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∞ –ù–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –∏ –∫ –æ–Ω–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–∏–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω—ã –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞; –Ω–æ –∫–∞–∫ –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–º—É –∏—Ö —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–∏: —Ç–æ –≤—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ —Å–µ–≥–æ, –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—é –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–∞, –ø—Ä–∞–≤—è—â–∏–º –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ì–µ—Ä–æ–ª—å–¥–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–∞ –î–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –°—Ç–∞—Ç—Å–∫–∏–º –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –í–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤—ã–º, –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º, —Å–∏–µ –ù–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—â–∏–º, –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã, –∫–æ–∏ —É–∂–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –±—ã–ª–∏, —Ç–µ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω—ã; –∞ —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –Ω—ã–Ω–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω—ã –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã —Å –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –∏—Ö –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç—É. –ü—Ä–∏ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∂–µ –æ–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ–± –≤–æ –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–º –≥–µ—Ä–±–µ –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ù–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ —â–∏—Ç–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –∏–∑ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –ù–∞–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—É –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ —É–∂–µ –∞–ø—Ä–æ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –í–∞—à–∏–º –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º –í–µ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤, –∫–∞–∫ —Ç–æ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∫–∞–º–∏ –≤ –æ–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–æ.”

–û–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º–∏–≤—à–∏—Å—å —Å –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º, –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü–∞ –Ω–∞–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª–∞ —Ä–µ–∑–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏—é: “–ë—ã—Ç—å –ø–æ —Å–µ–º—É”. –ö –¥–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥—É –ø—Ä–∏–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏—è –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤. –ß–µ—Ç–≤–µ—Ä—Ç—ã–º –±—ã–ª —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π: “–ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–π –≥–µ—Ä–±: –¥–∏–∫–∞—è –∫–æ–∑–∞ –±–µ–ª–∞—è, —Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∞—è –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–µ –≤ –≥–æ–ª—É–±–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–µ”. –ù–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º –≥–µ—Ä–±–µ –∫–æ–∑–∞ –æ–±—Ä–µ–ª–∞ –ø—Ä—è–º—ã–µ —Ä–æ–≥–∞ –∏ –ø–æ–∫—Ä—ã–ª–∞—Å—å –≥—É—Å—Ç–æ–π –¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–π —à–µ—Ä—Å—Ç—å—é.
–ù–∞–∫–∞–Ω—É–Ω–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –¥–µ–ª –õ–µ–≤ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–µ–≤–∏—á –ü–µ—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç—É —Å–≤–æ–π –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–≥–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞: –≥–æ–ª—É–±–æ–π —â–∏—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª—è–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∏ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä—è–Ω—ã–º –≤–∏–ª–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–º, —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∏–º —Å–ª–∏—è–Ω–∏–µ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –í –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–µ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—â–∞–ª—Å—è —Ä–æ–≥ –∏–∑–æ–±–∏–ª–∏—è, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ —Å—ã–ø–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç—ã–µ –º–æ–Ω–µ—Ç—ã –∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä—è–ª –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –æ—Ç —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏. –í –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —á–∞—Å—Ç—è—Ö – –ø–æ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º—É –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —Å–Ω–æ–ø—É –ø—à–µ–Ω–∏—Ü—ã, –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–µ–¥–º–µ—Ç—É —ç—Ç–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏. –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç –ø–æ—Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª –Ω–µ—É–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –º–µ–Ω—è—Ç—å –≥–µ—Ä–± –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—é I —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∏—Ç—å –ø—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–∏–π –≥–µ—Ä–± —Å –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä—è–º—ã—Ö –∫–æ–∑—å–∏—Ö —Ä–æ–≥–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Ç–≤–∏—Å—Ç—ã–µ. –ü—Ä–æ—Ü–µ–¥—É—Ä–∞ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏–∑–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∞ –≤ —Å–µ–Ω–∞—Ç—Å–∫–æ–º —É–∫–∞–∑–µ –æ—Ç 17 –∏—é–ª—è 1851 –≥–æ–¥–∞: “–ü—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–π –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç —Å–ª—É—à–∞–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –Æ—Å—Ç–∏—Ü–∏–∏, –æ—Ç 18 –∏—é–Ω—è, –≤ –∫–æ–µ–º –∏–∑—ä—è—Å–Ω–µ–Ω–æ: —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤ –î–µ–ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–º–µ–Ω—Ç–µ –ì–µ—Ä–æ–ª—å–¥–∏–∏ –ü—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –¥–ª—è –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –æ–Ω –≤–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª –≤ –ö–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤. –ö–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª: –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –í—ã—Å–æ—á–∞–π—à–µ–µ —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ï–≥–æ –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –í–µ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ù–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–µ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ: –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–≥–æ—Ñ–µ, 8 –∏—é–Ω—è 1851 –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—é –ï–≥–æ –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –í–µ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Ä—É–∫–æ—é “–£—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞—é”. –¢–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ–π –í—ã—Å–æ—á–∞–π—à–µ —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≥–µ—Ä–± –¥–ª—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä –Æ—Å—Ç–∏—Ü–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ—Ç –ü—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–º—É –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç—É. –û–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–µ: –≤ –≥–æ–ª—É–±–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–µ —Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∞—è –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–µ –±–µ–ª–∞—è –¥–∏–∫–∞—è –∫–æ–∑–∞. –©–∏—Ç –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ —É–≤–µ–Ω—á–∞–Ω –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ—é –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ—é –∫–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–æ—é. –ü—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏: –° –í—ã—Å–æ—á–∞–π—à–µ —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –¥–ª—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –∏ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ–Ω–æ–≥–æ, —Å–Ω—è–≤ –∫–æ–ø–∏—é, –ø—Ä–µ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –æ–Ω—É—é, –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞—â–µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫ –£–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—é—â–µ–º—É –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –í–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –î–µ–ª –ø—Ä–∏ —É–∫–∞–∑–µ; –æ–± —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∂–µ —Å–µ–≥–æ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –¥–∞—Ç—å –∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å, –¥–ª—è —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–º–∏ –≤—Å–µ–º –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–º, –í–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ì–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º, –í–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—é—â–∏–º –∏ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é, –ì–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º, –ì—Ä–∞–¥–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º, –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞–º, –ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –ü—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è–º –∏ –ü—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º, –∞ –≤ –°–≤—è—Ç–µ–π—à–∏–π –ü—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–π –°–∏–Ω–æ–¥ –∏ –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ –ü—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–∞ –î–µ–ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∏ –û–±—â–∏–µ –æ–Ω—ã—Ö –°–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∏—Ç—å –≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è”.

–ü–æ—Å–ª–µ 1917 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ-–ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è –≤ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–µ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—é –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ –∏ –æ –Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–≥–æ –∑–∞–±—ã–ª–∏. –¢–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ 80-—Ö – –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 90-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ 20 —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è, –≤ —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å–æ–º –¥–µ—Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ —É—Å–∏–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Ä–æ–ª–∏ —Å—É–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ–≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π –§–µ–¥–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–æ–≤ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–∞–º–æ—É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª—Å—è –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –∫ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—é —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –º—É–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–ø–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ –∏ —Ñ–ª–∞–≥–æ–≤. –ö —Ç–æ–º—É –∂–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥–µ—Ä–±—ã, —è–≤–ª—è—è—Å—å –≤–∏–∑–∏—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–æ—á–∫–∞–º–∏ –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤, –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–Ω–æ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∏ —Å–≤–æ–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ñ—É–Ω–∫—Ü–∏–∏, –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ–ø–∞–≥–∞–Ω–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é –∏ –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä—É —Ä–µ–≥–∏–æ–Ω–∞. –ò—Ö –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –ø–æ –∏–¥–µ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞–º –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–æ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –±–µ—Å–∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ. –ë–µ–∑ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—à–∞–ª—Å—è —Ü–µ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∫–æ-–∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã–π –æ–±–ª–∏–∫ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏. –ò –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–µ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ–µ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≥–µ—Ä–±–æ–≤.
–ù–µ –æ–±–æ—à–ª–æ –º–æ–¥–Ω–æ–µ —É–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É. –ö –µ–≥–æ 400-–ª–µ—Ç–∏—é –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–ø—É—Ç–∞—Ç–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ “–û–± —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–Ω–∞–∫–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ö—É–π–±—ã—à–µ–≤–∞”. –ë—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–æ–≤, —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ—á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª –∑–Ω–∞–∫, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º –∞—Ä—Ö–∏—Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–æ–º –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–µ–º –õ—è–ø–∏–Ω—ã–º. –¶–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª –æ—Ä–µ–æ–ª, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º —É–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –º–æ–Ω—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç –°–ª–∞–≤—ã, —Ñ—Ä–∞–≥–º–µ–Ω—Ç —à–µ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω–∏ –∏ –ø—à–µ–Ω–∏—á–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ–ª–æ—Å. –í –Ω–∏–∂–Ω–µ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ –∏ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–π —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≥–µ—Ä–±. –í–µ—Ä—Ö –∑–Ω–∞–∫–∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ–ª–æ—Å—ã –§–ª–∞–≥–∞ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π –§–µ–¥–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –ü–æ–ª–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–æ —Ç–µ–º–Ω–æ-–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π —Ü–≤–µ—Ç, –æ–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∫–∞ –∏ –æ—Ä–µ–æ–ª —Å —à–µ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω–µ–π –∏ –∫–æ–ª–æ—Å–æ–º –±—ã–ª–∏ –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–∏—Å—Ç—ã–µ, —Å—Ç–µ–ª–∞, –≥—Ä–µ–±–µ–Ω—å –≤–æ–ª–Ω—ã –∏ –∫–∞–Ω—Ç —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–≥–æ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ – —Å–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä—è–Ω—ã–µ, –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ –∏ –ø–æ–ª–µ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ – –ª–∞–∑—É—Ä–Ω—ã–µ. –°–ø–µ—à–∫–∞, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç—ã, –¥–∞ –µ—â–µ –±–µ–∑ –æ–±—Å—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏, –≤—ã–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ —Å–∫–µ–ø—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –∫—Ä–∞–µ–≤–µ–¥–æ–≤ –∫ —ç–∫—Å–ø–µ—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω—Ç—É –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π.

–í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–æ–≤ –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å —Ä–∞–∑—É–º–∞ –≤–æ–∑–æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞–ª. 8 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1992 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ú–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–ø—É—Ç–∞—Ç–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω –≥–µ—Ä–± –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞-–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã —Å –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º: “–í –ª–∞–∑–æ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–µ —Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∞—è –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–µ –±–µ–ª–∞—è –¥–∏–∫–∞—è –∫–æ–∑–∞”. –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –∫–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—É –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤–æ—Å—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å –Ω–µ —Ä–∏—Å–∫–Ω—É–ª–∏. –ù—ã–Ω–µ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–π –≥–µ—Ä–± –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –±—ã–ª —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –î—É–º—ã ‚Ññ 187 –æ—Ç 26 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è 1998 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–µ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ: “–ì–µ—Ä–± –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —Å–æ–±–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–π (–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π) —â–∏—Ç —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–æ–π —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—ã, –≤ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–µ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∞ –≤ –ª–∞–∑—É—Ä–µ–≤–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–µ —Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∞—è –Ω–∞ –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ–π —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–µ –¥–∏–∫–∞—è –±–µ–ª–∞—è –∫–æ–∑–∞. –©–∏—Ç –≥–µ—Ä–±–∞ —É–≤–µ–Ω—á–∞–Ω –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–π”. –≠—Ç–æ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –≥–µ—Ä–±—É –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã.

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ø–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
2. –ß–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –¥–æ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ
3. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞
4. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—è
5. –ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ö—É—Ä–ª–∏–Ω—ã—Ö