–ò—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–æ–≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏

Самарская Лука по своему происхождению, богатству ландшафтов на небольшой по площади территории (157 тыс. га), минералогическому составу, видовому разнообразию животного и растительного мира, а также как объект-полигон для научных исследований не имеет себе равных в Европейской части России. Самарская Лука является уникальным тектоническим районом. Геологами и геоморфологами отмечены движения земной коры в ее пределах в различные эпохи палеозоя, мезозоя, кайнозоя. Жигулевская дислокация сама по себе и обусловленные ею интенсивные тектонические нарушения массива имели огромное значение для развития района. Она повлияла на становление ландшафтов, гидрографической сети, развитие и ориентировку овражной сети и ход процессов эрозии и карста. Границы Самарской Луки определены в работах А. П. Павлова (1887) и М. Э. Ноинского (1913). Сторонники современного взгляда проводят западную границу Луки в основном по осевой линии Жигулевской дислокации. Направление дислокации к востоку от села Усолье разными авторами принималось по разному. А. П. Павлов и А. Н. Мазарович придерживались взгляда о дислокации, направление которой смещено к северу. М. Э. Ноинский провел ее под обрывом Жигулей, полагая ее окончание проходящим между Царевым курганом и Сокольими горами. Точнее, ландшафтной границей является линия контакта палеозой-мезо-кайнозой. Это очень крутое (до 60°) северное и очень пологое (до 1°) южное крыло. Литологическая разнородность и неодинаковая высота местностей по обе стороны от линии дислокации обуславливает существенные их различия в ландшафтном отношении. Так, рельеф карбонатного палеозойского массива в осевой зоне отличается резкими формами долин и значительной амплитудой высот местности Ручастки с горным расчленением РЖигулевские горы.

–¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –æ—Å–µ–≤–∞—è –ª–∏–Ω–∏—è –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–∏—Å–ª–æ–∫–∞—Ü–∏–∏ —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π, –Ω–æ –ª–∏—Ç–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–Ω–æ–π –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–µ–π –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª—è–µ–º–æ–π —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –∏ –≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª—ã –∏–∑–ª—É—á–∏–Ω—ã “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –õ—É–∫–∞”. –ò—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–æ–∫ –∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–π –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã —É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω–∏, –≥–¥–µ –∞–º–ø–ª–∏—Ç—É–¥–∞ –¥–∏—Å–ª–æ–∫–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –º–∞–ª–∞, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–µ. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –ú. –≠. –ù–æ–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç –∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω—É—é –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏ –ø–æ –Ω–∏–∑–æ–≤—å—è–º —Ä–µ–∫ –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω–∏ –∏ –ö—Ä—ã–º–∑—ã, –Ω–∞ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞—Ö –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –∏–º–µ—é—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥—ã –∫–∞—Ä–±–æ–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –ø–∞–ª–µ–æ–∑–æ—è. –í–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å —Ç–µ–º, —Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ—Ç –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –≤—Å—è —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏ —Å–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∫–∞—Ä–±–æ–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ –ø–∞–ª–µ–æ–∑–æ—è. –ú–µ—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏ —Å —É–º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –∞–º–ø–ª–∏—Ç—É–¥—ã –¥–∏—Å–ª–æ–∫–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –∫ —é–≥–æ-–∑–∞–ø–∞–¥—É –ø–∞–ª–µ–æ–∑–æ–π—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–∞—Ä–±–æ–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥—ã –ø–æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —é—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –ø–µ—Å—á–∞–Ω–æ-–≥–ª–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–º–∏. –ï—â–µ –æ–¥–Ω–æ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –æ–≤—Ä–∞–∂–Ω–æ–π —Å–µ—Ç–∏, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥ –ë–∞—Ö–∏–ª–æ–≤–∞ –ø–æ–ª—è–Ω–∞ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–∏ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂—å—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏ “… –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã —Å–≤–æ–∏–º–∏ —É—Å—Ç—å—è–º–∏ –Ω–∞–≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á—É —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—é –í–æ–ª–≥–∏… –ü–æ–¥–æ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ —è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–µ –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —É –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–æ–≤, —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–æ –∑–∞–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞—é—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –¥–æ–ª–∏–Ω, —É –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —É–≥–æ–ª –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ 90 –≥—Ä–∞–¥—É—Å–æ–≤. –ù–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂—å–µ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –Ω–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∞–Ω–æ–º–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–æ–≤ (–Ω–∞–≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á—É –µ–π), —á—Ç–æ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω–µ–Ω–æ —Ç–µ–º, —á—Ç–æ –∏—Ö –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–µ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º —ç—Ä–æ–∑–∏–∏, –∞ —Ç–µ–∫—Ç–æ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Ç—Ä–µ—â–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏ –ø–∞–ª–µ–æ–∑–æ–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥”. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –õ—É–∫–∞ –µ—Å—Ç—å —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è, –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –æ–±—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–∏—Å–ª–æ–∫–∞—Ü–∏–µ–π. –î—Ä—É–≥—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–¥–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è —Ü–µ–ª–µ—Å–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–∑–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é, –∏–ª–∏ –≤–æ–∑–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–∏—Å–ª–æ–∫–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ –ª–µ–≤–æ–º –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–π. –≠—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–µ –°–æ–∫–æ–ª—å–∏, –∏–ª–∏ –°–æ–∫—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥–æ—Ä—ã.

–ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å –≤ 44 —Ç—ã—Å. –≥–∞ –∏ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∑—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏–º —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–º –∫—Ä–∞–µ–º, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —Å–æ–≤–ø–∞–¥–∞–µ—Ç –∑–¥–µ—Å—å —Å –ª–∏–Ω–∏–µ–π –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–±—Ä–æ—Å–∞ (—Ñ–ª–µ–∫—Å—É—Ä—ã). –≠—Ç–æ—Ç —Å–±—Ä–æ—Å–æ–≤—ã–π –∫—Ä–∞–π –º–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤–∞, –ø–æ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è–º –ú. –≠. –ù–æ–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª –Ω–µ–∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —Å–ø–ª–æ—à–Ω–æ–π —É—Å—Ç—É–ø, –Ω–æ –∫ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–º—É –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏—Ç –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ª–æ—â–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∏ –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–∞–º–∏ –Ω–∞ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ–±–æ—Å–æ–±–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —à–∏—à–µ–∫ –∏ –≥—Ä–µ–±–Ω–µ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Ç—è–Ω—É—Ç—Å—è –¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Ü–µ–ø—å—é –∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥–æ—Ä—ã. –î–ª—è –Ω–∏—Ö —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω—ã –∫–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–æ–≤—ã–µ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—ã —Ä–µ–ª—å–µ—Ñ–∞, –±–µ–∑–≤–æ–¥—å–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –Ω–µ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä—è –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ—Å–∞–¥–∫–æ–≤ (–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ —Ñ–∏–ª—å—Ç—Ä—É—é—Ç—Å—è –≤–≥–ª—É–±—å —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —Ç—Ä–µ—â–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç—ã–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—è–∫–∏ –∏ –¥–æ–ª–æ–º–∏—Ç—ã), –º–∞–ª–æ–º–æ—â–Ω—ã–µ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–µ –ø–æ—á–≤—ã –Ω–∞ —ç–ª—é–≤–∏–∏ –∫–∞—Ä–±–æ–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥, –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –∑–∞–ª–µ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ—Å–≤–æ–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ù–µ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä—è –Ω–∞ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—É—é –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∫–æ–≤—É—é –ø–æ–¥–ø–æ—á–≤—É –∏ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∫—Ä—É—Ç–∏–∑–Ω—É —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–æ–≤, –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–∏ —Å–ø–ª–æ—à—å –ø–æ—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏ –≥—É—Å—Ç—ã–º –ª–∏—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∏ —Ö–≤–æ–π–Ω—ã–º –ª–µ—Å–æ–º —Å –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã–º —Ü–µ–Ω–æ—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º –∏ –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤—ã–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–æ–º. –õ–µ—Å –∑–∞–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç –≤—Å–µ –ª–æ–∂–±–∏–Ω—ã –∏ —É—â–µ–ª—å—è, –≤–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ –∫—Ä—É—á–∞–º –≤–≤–µ—Ä—Ö –∏ –≤–µ–Ω—á–∞–µ—Ç —Å–æ–±–æ–π –≤—Å–µ –≥—Ä–µ–±–Ω–∏ –∏ —à–∏—à–∫–∏. –°—Ä–µ–¥–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –º–æ—Ä—è –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏ –≤—Å—Ç–∞—é—Ç –º—Ä–∞—á–Ω—ã–µ —Å–µ—Ä—ã–µ —É—Ç–µ—Å—ã –∏ –æ–≥–æ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ, —É—Å—ã–ø–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —â–µ–±–Ω–µ–º –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏–µ –≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–Ω—ã. –ù–∞ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –ó–æ–ª—å–Ω–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä, –Ω–∞ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü–µ –≥–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ—Å–∞ —Å–æ —Å—Ç–µ–ø—å—é –≤ –Ω–∏–∂–Ω–µ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–µ–Ω—ã –∑–∞—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏ —Ä–µ–ª–∏–∫—Ç–∞ – –ª–∞–∑—É—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞ —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö–ª–æ–ø–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –∞ –≤—ã—à–µ – –≤–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–∫–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –°–≤–æ–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–π —Ç–∏–ø —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π –¥–ª—è –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–π, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏, –ø—Ä–∏—É—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞–º –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —é–∂–Ω–æ–π —ç–∫—Å–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–∞–º –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—è–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å.

–û–±—â–∏–π —Å–µ—Ä—ã–π —Ç–æ–Ω —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –Ω–∏–∑–∫–æ—Ä–æ—Å–ª–æ—Å—Ç—å, –ø–æ–¥—É—à–∫–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–∞—è —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–π, –ø–æ–ª—É–∫—É—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–π —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª—è—é—Ç –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—É—é —Å—Ç–µ–ø—å —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –í —Å–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ü–µ–Ω–æ–∑–æ–≤ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –ø—Ä–µ–æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞—é—Ç —Ç–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ –ø–µ—Ç—Ä–æ—Ñ–∏—Ç—ã, —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã–µ –∑–ª–∞–∫–∏ –∏ –∫—É—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∏: –≤–∞—Å–∏–ª–µ–∫ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π, –≤–∞—Å–∏–ª–µ–∫ —É–≥–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π, –±—É—Ä–∞—á–æ–∫ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–±–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π, –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∏–≤–µ–π—à–∏–π, –æ–≤—Å–µ—Ü –ø—É—Å—Ç—ã–Ω–Ω—ã–π, —á–∏–ª–∏–≥–∞, —Ç–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫, –≤–∏—à–Ω—è. –ö–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏ –≤ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª—è—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã 6 –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—è–º–∏: —Å–µ–¥–æ–µ —Ä–æ–∑–µ—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–µ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤—å–µ —Å –≤–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–∫–æ–º —Å—É–º—Å–∫–∏–º; –¥–µ—Ä–Ω–æ-–≤–∏–Ω–Ω–æ-–∑–ª–∞–∫–æ–≤–∞—è —Å –æ–≤—Å–µ—Ü–æ–º –ø—É—Å—Ç—ã–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∏ –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—è–º–∏; –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤—å–µ —Å –ø–æ–ª—ã–Ω—å—é –ú–∞—Ä—à–∞–ª–ª–∞; –∫—É—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞—è —Å—Ç–µ–ø—å —Å —á–∏–ª–∏–≥–æ–π –∏ –≤–∏—à–Ω–µ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–æ–π; —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-–∑–ª–∞–∫–æ–≤–∞—è —Å—Ç–µ–ø—å —Å –¥–æ–º–∏–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º —Ç–∞–≤–æ–ª–≥–∏ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∏ –æ–≤—Å—è–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –±–æ—Ä–æ–∑–¥—á–∞—Ç–æ–π; —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å–∫–∞–ª –∏ –æ–±–Ω–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π. –õ—É–≥–æ–≤–∞—è —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é –¥–æ–ª—é –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–µ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—É—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω–∞ –∫ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–∏–º –¥–æ–ª–∏–Ω–∞–º —Å –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤–æ–¥–æ—Ç–æ–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –∫ –ø–ª–∞–∫–æ—Ä–∞–º. –ë–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã–µ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-–∑–ª–∞–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ –ª—É–≥–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏ –∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å–µ–Ω–æ–∫–æ—Å–æ–≤ –∏ –ø–∞—Å—Ç–±–∏—â. –û—Å–Ω–æ–≤—É —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–∞ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ª–∏–ø–æ–≤—ã–µ –∏ –¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞ —Å –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Å—å—é –∫–ª–µ–Ω–∞, –∏–ª—å–º–∞, –≤—è–∑–∞ –∏ –∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ, –º–µ–ª–∫–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞, —Å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ–º –æ—Å–∏–Ω—ã –∏ –±–µ—Ä–µ–∑—ã, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ-—Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –∏ —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞. –õ–µ—Å–∏—Å—Ç–æ—Å—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–∞–µ—Ç 90%. –ù–∞–∏–±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç –∫–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö, –¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∏ –ª–∏–ø–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ª–µ—Å–æ–≤. –ù–µ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏, –Ω–æ —É–Ω–∏–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –¥–ª—è –ü—Ä–∏–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–∑–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª—è—Ö —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ—Å–Ω—è–∫–∏ (–æ—Ç–º–µ—á–µ–Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–∞ –≤ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ó–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ).

–í –ø–æ–¥–ª–µ—Å–∫–µ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –ª–µ—Å–æ–≤ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω—ã —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã–µ –∫—É—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∏: —á–∏–ª–∏–≥–∞, –±–æ–±–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫, —Ä–∞–∫–∏—Ç–Ω–∏–∫ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π, –≤–∏—à–Ω—è —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–∞—è, —Å–ø–∏—Ä–µ—è –∑–≤–µ—Ä–æ–±–æ–µ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è. –í –Ω–∞–ø–æ—á–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–µ – —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã–µ —Ç—Ä–∞–≤—ã: –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å –ø–µ—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—ã–π, –æ–≤—Å–µ—Ü –ø—É—Å—Ç—ã–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã—Ö —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–æ–≤ —Ç–∏–º—å—è–Ω –∂–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π, –ø–æ–ª—ã–Ω—å —à–µ–ª–∫–æ–≤–∏—Å—Ç–∞—è –∏ –¥—Ä. –ï—â–µ —Ä–µ–∂–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —Å–æ—Å–Ω—è–∫–∏ —Ç–æ–ª–æ–∫–Ω—è–Ω–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ, –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ – —Å–æ—Å–Ω—è–∫–∏ –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º—à–∞–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ —Å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ–º –º—Ö–æ–≤ Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium proliferum, Dicranum umbellatum –∏ –¥—Ä. –í –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª—è—Ö –µ—â–µ –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 20 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–µ–Ω–∞ —Ç–µ–Ω–¥–µ–Ω—Ü–∏—è —Å–æ–∫—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ª–µ—Å–æ–≤ –∏ –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –∏—Ö —Ç–∏–ø–∞—Ö –µ—Å—Ç–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–∑–æ–±–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ü—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω—ã —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –Ω–µ –∏–∑—É—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å. –ù–µ–±–ª–∞–≥–æ–ø–æ–ª—É—á–Ω–∞—è —Å–∏—Ç—É–∞—Ü–∏—è —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∏ —Å –¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ –ª–µ—Å–∞–º–∏. –ò—Ö –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∑–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è. –¢–µ–º –Ω–µ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ, —á–∏—Å—Ç—ã–µ –¥—É–±–Ω—è–∫–∏ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º–∏ —Ñ—Ä–∞–≥–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏ –≤—Å–µ –∂–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ —Å—É—Ö–∏–º —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞–º –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–π. –£–Ω–∏–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –¥—É–±–Ω—è–∫–∏, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∞—Å—Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞—Ü–∏—è–º–∏ –¥—É–±–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–∏–≤–æ–ª–µ—Å—å—è —Å —Ç—Ä–∞–≤—è–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–º –æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–æ–º –∏–∑ –æ—Å–æ–∫–∏ —Å—Ç–æ–ø–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ–π, –¥—É–±–Ω—è–∫–∏ –ª–∞–∑—É—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ –∏ –∫—É—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ. –†–∞–Ω–µ–µ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –≤—ã—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 690 –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤ —Å–æ—Å—É–¥–∏—Å—Ç—ã—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–π, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö 16 —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —ç–Ω–¥–µ–º–∏—á–Ω—ã–º–∏, 34 —Ä–µ–ª–∏–∫—Ç–æ–≤—ã–º–∏, 133 –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–Ω—ã —Ä–µ–¥–∫–∏–º–∏, –∞ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤ – 48, —Ç.–µ. –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —É–Ω–∏–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –¥–ª—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ü–∏–∏ —Ä–µ–ª–∏–∫—Ç–æ–≤—ã—Ö –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤: –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—Ä—è–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ë—Ä–∞—É–Ω–∞ (Polystichum braunii), –≥–æ–ª–æ–∫—É—á–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –†–æ–±–µ—Ä—Ç–∞ (Gymnocarpium Robertianum), –¥–∏–ø–ª–∞–∑–∏—è —Å–∏–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ (Diplazium sibiricum), –º–æ–∂–∂–µ–≤–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –∫–∞–∑–∞—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ (Juniperus sabina) –ø–æ–ª—ã–Ω–∏ —Å–æ–ª—è–Ω–∫–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ–π (Artemisia salsoloides), —à–∏–≤–µ—Ä–µ–∫–∏–∏ –ø–æ–¥–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π (Schivereckia podolica), —Ç–æ–ª–æ–∫–Ω—è–Ω–∫–∏ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π (Arctostapylos uva-ursi), —à–∞—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –∫—Ä–∞–ø—á–∞—Ç–æ–π (Globularia punctata) –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤ – –Ω–µ —Ä–µ–ª–∏–∫—Ç–æ–≤: –≥–≤–æ–∑–¥–∏–∫–∏ –∏–≥–ª–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π (Dianthus acicularis), –∞—Å–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ (Asplenium trichomanes).

–ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç – —Å–∞–º—ã–π –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–µ –ø–æ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ (–æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 49 —Ç—ã—Å. –≥–∞). –û–Ω —Å—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ —é–∂–Ω–æ–π, –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≥–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤–∞–ª–∞. –†–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–ø–µ–ª –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∞–Ω—Ç—Ä–æ–ø–æ–≥–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Å—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ü–∏—é. –í–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω –∏–º–µ–ª —è—Ä–∫–æ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ª–µ—Å–æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∏–∫. –ù–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ –ª–µ—Å–Ω—ã–µ –º–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤—ã –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—Ç 1/4 –µ–≥–æ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏, –∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–∞—Ö–∞–Ω—ã, –∑–∞ –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö –Ω–µ—É–¥–æ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å. –≠—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –æ—Å–≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç. –õ–µ—Å–Ω–∞—è —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Ç–æ—á–µ–Ω–∞, –≤ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–º, –≤ –¥–≤—É—Ö –ª–µ—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤–∞—Ö: –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ—Ä—è–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –∏ –ë–æ–ª—å—à–æ–º –ß—É–≤–∞—à—Å–∫–æ–º, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—â–∏—Ö —Å–æ–±–æ–π –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∏ –ª–µ—Å–∞ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–∞—Ö–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å. –û—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–µ –ª–µ—Å–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑—É—é—â–∏–µ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥—ã: –ª–∏–ø–∞, –∫–ª–µ–Ω, –¥—É–±, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ —á–∏—Å—Ç—ã—Ö –Ω–∞—Å–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –Ω–µ–≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏. –ù–∞ –ø–ª–æ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—Ö –≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–Ω–∞—Ö –∏ —Å–µ–¥–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–∞—Ö, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—Ö —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –±–∞–ª–æ–∫ –≥–æ—Å–ø–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç –∫–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤–æ-–ª–∏–ø–æ–≤—ã–µ –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤—ã, –æ—Å–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –ª–µ—â–∏–Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å–∏—Å—Ç–æ–æ—Å–æ–∫–æ–≤–æ-—Å–Ω—ã—Ç–µ–≤—ã–µ. –ö –∫—Ä—É—Ç—ã–º —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏—É—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω—ã –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤—ã –ª–∏–ø–æ–≤–æ-–≤—è–∑–æ–≤—ã–µ –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å–∏—Å—Ç–æ-–æ—Å–æ–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ, –ª–∏–ø–Ω—è–∫–∏ —Å –æ—Å–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏, –∫ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –∫—Ä—É—Ç—ã–º – –¥—É–±–æ–≤–æ-—Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞ –ª–µ—â–∏–Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-–ª–∞–Ω–¥—ã—à–µ–≤—ã–µ. –ù–∞ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—Ö —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤—ã —Å–æ —Å–±–∏—Ç—ã–º —Ç—Ä–∞–≤—è–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–æ–º. –ü—Ä–æ—á–∞—è —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∞ —Å—É—Ö–æ–¥–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ª—É–≥–∞–º–∏, –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å–Ω–æ-—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ –∫—É—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ —Å—Ç–µ–ø—è–º–∏, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É–µ–º—ã–º–∏ –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å–µ–Ω–æ–∫–æ—Å–æ–≤ –∏ –ø–∞—Å—Ç–±–∏—â (–°–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ-–°–æ–ª–æ–Ω–µ—Ü–∫–∏–µ –ª—É–≥–∞). –†–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω—ã —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∑–ª–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ-—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã–µ —Å –∑–µ–º–ª—è–Ω–∏–∫–æ–π –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ–π, –ª–∞–±–∞–∑–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º, –∫–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ü–æ–º, —Ç–∏–ø—á–∞–∫–æ–º –∏ –¥—Ä., –ø–æ –¥–æ–ª–∏–Ω–∞–º —Å –ø–ª–æ—Å–∫–∏–º –¥–Ω–∏—â–µ–º —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-–∫–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ü–æ–≤–æ-–º—è—Ç–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ –ª—É–≥–∞, –∞ –ø–æ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞–º –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–æ–≤ – —Å—É—Ö–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-–æ–≤—Å—è–Ω–∏—Ü–µ–≤—ã–µ. –†—É–¥–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä—É—é—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—É–Ω–∫—Ç–æ–≤, –≤–¥–æ–ª—å —Ç—Ä–∞—Å—Å –∫–æ–º–º—É–Ω–∏–∫–∞—Ü–∏–π, –≤ –∑–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏–π.

–í —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –ø–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–ª–æ –°–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–π –°–æ–ª–æ–Ω–µ—Ü —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —É–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–æ–µ –ø–ª–∞—Ç–æ –∏ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ç–∏—Ü–µ—Ñ–∞–±—Ä–∏–∫–∏. –ù–∞ –ø–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–µ –æ—Ç –°–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –°–æ–ª–æ–Ω—Ü–∞ –∫ –ë–µ—Ä–µ–∑–æ–≤–æ–º—É –°–æ–ª–æ–Ω—Ü—É –Ω–∞ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–π —Ç–æ—á–∫–µ –ø–ª–∞—Ç–æ (252 –º) –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–∏–¥ –Ω–∞ –≤–æ–¥–æ—Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª 2-—Ö –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏—Ö –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–æ–≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏ – –ë—Ä—É—Å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ –ê—Å–∫—É–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –û—Ç—Å—é–¥–∞ –≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã —Å–µ–ª–æ –ë—Ä—É—Å—è–Ω—ã –∏ —Ä–µ–∫–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ —Å –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞–º–∏. –í 2 –∫–º –æ—Ç —Å–µ–ª–∞ –°–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–π –°–æ–ª–æ–Ω–µ—Ü –≤ 1986 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Å—á–∞–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ—á–≤–µ –∑–∞–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–π –±–æ—Ä. –†—è–¥–æ–º —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω –∫–∞—Ä—å–µ—Ä –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –≥–¥–µ –¥–æ–±—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –±–µ–ª—ã–π –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤—ã–π –ø–µ—Å–æ–∫. –ù–∞ –∫—Ä—É—Ç—ã—Ö —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –ê—Å–∫—É–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –ë—Ä—É—Å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–æ–ª–∏–Ω —Å –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–∏–º –∑–∞–ª–µ–≥–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—è–∫–æ–≤ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –∫—É—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏. –û—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–º–∏ –¥–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —Å–ª–∏–≤–∞ –∫–æ–ª—é—á–∞—è, –±–æ–±–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫ –Ω–∏–∑–∫–∏–π, –≤–∏—à–Ω—è —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–∞—è –∏ —á–∏–ª–∏–≥–∞. –û–±–ª–∏–∫ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç—É –ø—Ä–∏–¥–∞—é—Ç –∫–ª–µ–Ω —Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π, –±–æ—è—Ä—ã—à–Ω–∏–∫ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π, –≤–µ—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ –ª–µ—Å–Ω–∞—è, –∑–µ–º–ª—è–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∞—è, –∑–æ–ø–Ω–∏–∫ –∫–ª—É–±–Ω–µ–Ω–æ—Å–Ω—ã–π, –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å–∞—Ç–∏–∫, –∞–¥–æ–Ω–∏—Å –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π, —Ç–∏–º—å—è–Ω –ú–∞—Ä—à–∞–ª–ª–∞, –º–µ–¥—É–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ —É–∑–∫–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è, –≥–æ—Ä–∏—á–Ω–∏–∫ —ç–ª—å–∑–∞—Å—Å–∫–∏–π. –í —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —á–∞—Å—Ç—è—Ö –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–∞ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–º–∏ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –≤–∏–¥—ã: –≤ –æ–∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è—Ö —Å–µ–ª–∞ –í–∞–ª—ã – —à–∞–ª—Ñ–µ–π –ø–æ–Ω–∏–∫–∞—é—â–∏–π, –≤–µ—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è, –≤–µ—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∫–∞ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è, –º—è—Ç–∞ –¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è, –∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–≥–∞–ª –∫–∞–º–Ω–µ–ª–æ–º–∫–æ–≤—ã–π, –∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ —Ä–æ–º–∞—à–∫–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–∞—è, –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫ –©–≤–µ—Ü–æ–≤–∞, –∂–≥—É–Ω-–∫–æ—Ä–µ–Ω—å —Å–æ–º–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π, —Å–∏–Ω—è–∫ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –∞–¥–æ–Ω–∏—Å –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π, –∫–æ–ª–æ–∫–æ–ª—å—á–∏–∫ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π. –ë–ª–∏–∑ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ê—Å–∫—É–ª—ã –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–µ–Ω—ã –º–æ–ª–æ—á–∞–π –ª–æ–∂–Ω–æ–ø–æ–ª–µ–≤–æ–π, –¥—É—Ä–º–∞–Ω –≤–æ–Ω—é—á–∏–π, —Å–∫–µ—Ä–¥–∞ –≤–µ–Ω–≥–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è, –º–µ–¥—É–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ —É–∑–∫–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è, –ø–æ–ª—ã–Ω—å –∞–≤—Å—Ç—Ä–∏–π—Å–∫–∞—è, –º–∏–Ω–¥–∞–ª—å –Ω–∏–∑–∫–∏–π, —Ç–µ—Ä–Ω, —à–∞–ª—Ñ–µ–π –º—É—Ç–æ–≤—á–∞—Ç—ã–π, –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å –ø–µ—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—ã–π, —Ç–∏–º—å—è–Ω –ú–∞—Ä—à–∞–ª–ª–∞, –∑–æ–ø–Ω–∏–∫ –∫–ª—É–±–Ω–µ–Ω–æ—Å–Ω—ã–π, –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å–∞—Ç–∏–∫.

–í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∞—è –ø–æ–π–º–∞ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç–∞ –≤–æ–¥–æ–µ–º–∞–º–∏. –ù–∞ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞—Ö –≤–æ–¥–æ–µ–º—ã –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—Ç 20% —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏. –û—Ç–ª–∏—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–∞ —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –¥–≤—É—Ö –æ—Ç–¥–∞–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥—Ä—É–≥ –æ—Ç –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞ –º–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤–æ–≤ – –ú–æ—Ä–¥–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ –®–µ–ª–µ—Ö–º–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–π–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–æ–≤. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–µ–Ω–æ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–∏–µ –≤–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∏ –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ–≤–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ª—É–≥–æ–≤—ã–º–∏, –ª–µ—Å–Ω—ã–º–∏, —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–±—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–æ-–≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏. –ü–æ–π–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ª—É–≥–∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—Ç –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω—É –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏, –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–∞ –∑–∞–ª–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∞. –í –ø—Ä–∏ —Ä—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–æ–π –∑–æ–Ω–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –∏–≤–æ–≤—ã–µ, –æ—Å–æ–∫–æ—Ä–µ–≤—ã–µ –∏ –≤—è–∑–æ–≤—ã–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞. –ò–≤–Ω—è–∫–∏ —Å–≤–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞–º, –¥–ª–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –∑–∞–ª–∏–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–º –≤–æ–¥–æ–π. –û–Ω–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≥—É—Å—Ç—ã–µ –∑–∞—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏ –≤—ã—Å–æ—Ç–æ–π 4-8 –º, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∏–µ –∏–∑ –∏–≤—ã —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π, –∏–≤—ã —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö—Ç—ã—á–∏–Ω–∫–æ–≤–æ–π –∏ –≤–µ—Ç–ª—ã. –ò–∑-–∑–∞ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç—Ä–∞–≤—è–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤ –≤ –ª–µ—Å—É –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç. –ú–µ—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª—è–Ω–∫–∞—Ö –∏ –≤ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –º—è—Ç–∞ –ø–æ–ª–µ–≤–∞—è, –ø–∞—Å–ª–µ–Ω —Å–ª–∞–¥–∫–æ-–≥–æ—Ä—å–∫–∏–π, –∫—Ä–∞–ø–∏–≤–∞ –¥–≤—É–¥–æ–º–Ω–∞—è, —Ö–≤–æ—â –ø—Ä–∏—Ä–µ—á–Ω—ã–π –∏ –ª—É–≥–æ–≤–æ–π, –∏—Ä–∏—Å –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π, —Å–Ω—ã—Ç—å –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è, –¥–µ—Ä–±–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –∏–≤–æ-–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π, –µ–∂–µ–≤–∏–∫–∞, –∫–æ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä –±–µ–∑–æ—Å—Ç—ã–π. –í—è–∑–æ–≤—ã–µ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∏ –ª–µ—Å–∞ —Ç—è–≥–æ—Ç–µ—é—Ç –∫ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏–º –≥—Ä–∏–≤–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏ —Ä—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–æ–π –ø–æ–π–º—ã. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞—é—Ç –æ—Å–æ–∫–æ—Ä—å, —Ç–æ–ø–æ–ª—å —Å–µ—Ä–µ–±—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—ã–π, —Ä–µ–∂–µ –¥—É–±. –í –ø–æ–¥–ª–µ—Å–∫–µ – —à–∏–ø–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫. –í —Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ–º —Ç—Ä–∞–≤—è–Ω–æ–º –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–µ –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø—ã—Ä–µ–π –ø–æ–ª–∑—É—á–∏–π, –∫–∏—Ä–∫–∞–∑–æ–Ω, –ª–∞–Ω–¥—ã—à, –≤–µ—Ä–±–µ–π–Ω–∏–∫ –º–æ–Ω–µ—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π (–ª—É–≥–æ–≤–æ–π —á–∞–π), –∫–ª–µ–≤–µ—Ä –ø–æ–ª–∑—É—á–∏–π –∏ –ª—É–≥–æ–≤–æ–π, –≥–µ—Ä–∞–Ω—å –ª—É–≥–æ–≤–∞—è, —à–∞–ª—Ñ–µ–π –ª—É–≥–æ–≤–æ–π, —â–∞–≤–µ–ª—å –∫–æ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –∏ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –ø–æ–¥–º–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ —Ü–µ–ø–∫–∏–π. –î—É–±–æ–≤—ã–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—É—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω—ã –∫ –ø–æ–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞–º —Ä–µ–ª—å–µ—Ñ–∞, —Ö–æ—Ç—è —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∏ –ø–æ–π–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–µ–Ω—ã –∏ —É —Å–∞–º–æ–π –≤–æ–¥—ã.

–ë–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –≤–æ–¥–æ–µ–º–æ–≤ –∑–∞—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞. –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö —Ü–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—ã –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∞–º–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–æ–π –≤–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞–¥–∏–∏ –∑–∞—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—è. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω—ã –∑–∞—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏ —Ä–æ–≥–æ–∑–∞ —É–∑–∫–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –∫–∞–º—ã—à–∞ –æ–∑–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ, —Ç—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ, —Å—É—Å–∞–∫–∞ –∑–æ–Ω—Ç–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ, —Å–∏—Ç–Ω—è–≥–∞ –±–æ–ª–æ—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –ø–ª–∞–≤–∞—é—â–∏–µ –ª–∏—Å—Ç—å—è –∫—É–±—ã—à–∫–∏ –º–∞–ª–æ–π –∏ –∂–µ–ª—Ç–æ–π, —Ä–µ–∂–µ –∫—É–≤—à–∏–Ω–∫–∏ –±–µ–ª–æ–π, –≤–æ–¥—è–Ω–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ü –∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ–≤–æ–π–Ω–∏—á–µ–∫, —ç–ª–æ–¥–µ—è –∫–∞–Ω–∞–¥—Å–∫–∞—è, —Ä–¥–µ—Å—Ç –≥—Ä–µ–±–µ–Ω—á–∞—Ç—ã–π –∏ –ø—Ä–æ–Ω–∑–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π, —É—Ä—É—Ç—å –º—É—Ç–æ–≤—á–∞—Ç–∞—è. –ù–∞ –æ—Ç–¥–∞–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Ç –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä—É—Å–ª–∞ –≤–æ–¥–æ–µ–º–∞—Ö –∏–º–µ—é—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ü–∏–∏ —Ä–µ–ª–∏–∫—Ç–æ–≤—ã—Ö –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤, —Å–∞–ª—å–≤–∏–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–ª–∞–≤–∞—é—â–µ–π –∏ –≤–æ–¥—è–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ—Ä–µ—Ö–∞ –∏–ª–∏ —á–∏–ª–∏–º–∞, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Ä—è—Å–∫–∏ –º–∞–ª–æ–π, –≤–æ–¥–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–∞ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–æ –ø–ª–∞–≤–∞—é—â–∏—Ö —Ä—è—Å–∫–∏ —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö–¥–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π, —Ç–µ–ª–æ—Ä–µ–∑–∞ –∞–ª–æ—ç–≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ. –°–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º–∏ –æ—Ç –≤—ã—Å—à–∏—Ö –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–π —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–æ–∫–∏ – “–≤–æ–ª–æ–∂–∫–∏”, –∏–º–µ—é—â–∏–µ –ø–µ—Å—á–∞–Ω–æ–µ –¥–Ω–æ –∏ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞, —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–µ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–æ–¥—å—è. –í —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–∏ –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–º—É –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É –£—Å–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–ª–∏–≤–∞ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω –∫–æ–º–ø–ª–µ–∫—Å –æ—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–æ–≤ –∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä –ø–æ–¥ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º “–°–µ–º—å –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤” —Å –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–º–∏ —Å—Ç–µ–ø—è–º–∏ –∏ —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º –ª–µ—Å–æ–º. –û–±—â–∏–π —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–π, —Å —Ö–æ–ª–º–∏—Å—Ç—ã–º–∏ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞–º–∏ —Ä–µ–ª—å–µ—Ñ–∞ –≤ –∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —É–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç—ã–º–∏ –≤ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–π. –ì–æ—Ä–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–µ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω—ã –º–µ–∂–¥—É —Å–µ–ª–∞–º–∏ –ú–∞–ª–∞—è –†—è–∑–∞–Ω—å –∏ –ü–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∫–∏ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç “–Æ–∂–Ω—ã–µ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–∏”. –ö —Ä–µ–∫–µ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º–∏ —É—Å—Ç—å–µ–≤—ã–º–∏ —á–∞—Å—Ç—è–º–∏ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∫–∏–µ –æ–≤—Ä–∞–∂–∫–∏. –ù–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–∏ –†—è–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –∏ –ü–æ–ø–æ–≤, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç —é—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥–ª–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–µ –æ—Ç–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è.

–í –Ω–µ–¥–∞–ª–µ–∫–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ–º –Ω–∞ –¥–Ω–µ –∏ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –†—è–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ –≤–ø–∞–¥–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ –≤ –Ω–µ–≥–æ –û—Å–æ—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–æ–≤ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ –∫—Ä–µ–ø—á–∞–π—à–∏–π “—Å–ª–∏–≤–Ω–æ–π” –ø–µ—Å—á–∞–Ω–∏–∫ –≤ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–µ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–æ–∫, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑–≥–æ—Ç–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ç–æ—á–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –±—Ä—É—Å–∫–∏. –ë–µ—Ä–µ–≥–æ–≤—ã–µ —Å–∫–∞–ª—ã –∏–∑–æ–±–∏–ª—É—é—Ç –∫–∞–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–∞–º–∏, –≥—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –≥—Ä–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏, —á–µ–º—É —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç —Ä—ã—Ö–ª—ã–µ –ø–µ—Ä–º—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥—ã, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≤–æ–¥–∞ –≤—ã–º—ã–ª–∞ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Ä—ã—Ö–ª—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å. –í —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –Ω–µ–¥–∞–ª–µ–∫–æ –æ—Ç —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ú–∞–ª–∞—è –†—è–∑–∞–Ω—å —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∞ –ø–µ—â–µ—Ä–∞ –°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–∞ –†–∞–∑–∏–Ω–∞, –≤—Ö–æ–¥ –≤ –Ω–µ–µ “–∑–∞–º–∞—Å–∫–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω” –ø–ª–æ—Ç–Ω–æ–π —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é. –í —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å —ç—Ç–∏–º –ø–µ—â–µ—Ä–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –Ω–µ–∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–Ω–∞ –∫–∞–∫ —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ —Å –í–æ–ª–≥–∏. –ü–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≥–ª—ã–±—ã –ø—Ä–µ–ø—è—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ –±–µ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫—É –∫ –ø–µ—â–µ—Ä–µ. –ü–æ –∫—Ä–æ–º–∫–µ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–æ–≤–æ–π –ª–∏–Ω–∏–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Ç—É—Ç –º–æ–ª–æ–¥—ã–µ –æ—Å–æ–∫–æ—Ä–∏, –æ–ª—å—Ö–∞, –±–æ—è—Ä—ã—à–Ω–∏–∫ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π. –ù–∞ –ø–µ—Å–∫–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —Ä–∞–∫–æ–≤–∏–Ω—ã –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ä—à–∏—Ö –º–æ–ª–ª—é—Å–∫–æ–≤ ‚Äî –¥—Ä–µ–π—Å–µ–Ω, –ø–µ—Ä–ª–æ–≤–∏—Ü –∏ –±–µ–∑–∑—É–±–æ–∫. –¢–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –æ—Å–≤–æ–µ–Ω–∞. –ë–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤—ã—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π, –≤—ã—Ç—è–Ω—É—Ç—ã—Ö –≤–¥–æ–ª—å –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –∏ –£—Å—ã, –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–∞—Ö–∞–Ω—ã –∏–ª–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—é—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–¥ –ø–∞—Å—Ç–±–∏—â–∞. –õ–µ—Å–∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—Ç –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ 15% –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏. –ù–∞ –ø–ª–æ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∫–ª–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞—Ö —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏–Ω –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∫–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤–æ-–ª–∏–ø–æ–≤—ã–µ –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤—ã, –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —Å—É—Ö–∏–µ —Å–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ-–¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã–µ —Å—É–±–¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤—ã. –í—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ –ª–∏–ø–Ω—è–∫–∏, –æ—Å–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –∏ –±–µ—Ä–µ–∑–Ω—è–∫–∏ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—á–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏—É—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω—ã –∫ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è–º –≤—ã—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω—ã —Å –æ–≤—Ä–∞–∂–Ω–æ-–±–∞–ª–æ—á–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞–º–∏. –ü–æ–∫–∞—Ç—ã–µ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤–±–ª–∏–∑–∏ –£—Å–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–ª–∏–≤–∞ –ø–æ—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏ –ª–∏–ø–æ–≤–æ-–¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ —Å—É–±–¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤–∞–º–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –∫–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤–æ-–ª–∏–ø–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤–∞–º–∏.

–ù–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∏–µ –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å–Ω–æ-—Ç–∏–ø—á–∞–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ñ—Ä–∞–≥–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏ –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–º –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—É—Å–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –∫—Ä—É—Ç—ã–º —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞–º, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏—É—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω—ã –∫ –ø—Ä–∏–¥–æ–ª–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ–∫–∞—Ç–æ—Å—Ç—è–º –∏ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∞–º (–æ–∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–µ–ª –ë–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è –∏ –ú–∞–ª–∞—è –†—è–∑–∞–Ω—å). –†–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-—Ç–∏–ø—á–∞–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—é—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–¥ –≤—ã–ø–∞—Å, –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏ —Ç—Ä–∞–≤—è–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã–π –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–±–∏—Ç. –•–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –¥–ª—è –¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–∞ –±–æ—è—Ä—ã—à–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ —Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ–ª–µ—Å—å—è –ø—Ä–∏—É—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω—ã –∫ –ø—Ä–∏—É—Å–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞–º. –§–ª–æ—Ä–∞ –ü–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∫—Å–∫–æ-–£—Å–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–∞ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∑—É–µ—Ç—Å—è 550 –≤–∏–¥–∞–º–∏, –∏–∑ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö 9 —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —ç–Ω–¥–µ–º–∏—á–Ω—ã–º–∏, 13 —Ä–µ–ª–∏–∫—Ç–æ–≤—ã–º–∏, 81 –æ—Ç–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω—ã –∫ –∫–∞—Ç–µ–≥–æ—Ä–∏–∏ —Ä–µ–¥–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –∏—Å—á–µ–∑–∞—é—â–∏—Ö. –ò–∑ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–∞ –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç—å –∞—Å–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π —Å—Ç–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π, –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∏–≤–µ–π—à–∏–π –∏ –≤–æ–ª–æ—Å–∞—Ç–∏–∫, –º–æ—Ä–¥–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –æ–¥—É–≤–∞–Ω—á–∏–∫ –ø–æ–∑–¥–Ω–∏–π (–Ω–∞ –∫–∞—Ä–±–æ–Ω–∞—Ç–∞—Ö), –Ω–∞–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–∞—Ç–∫–∞ –≤–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–∫–æ–≤–∞—è, —Ü–º–∏–Ω –ø–µ—Å—á–∞–Ω—ã–π, –∂–∞–±–Ω–∏–∫ –ø–µ—Å—á–∞–Ω—ã–π. –í–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 30 —Ç—ã—Å. –≥–∞ –∏ —Ä–µ–∑–∫–æ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –æ–±–ª–µ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –∏ –Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –æ—Å–≤–æ–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º. –ê—Å–∫—É–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–π (–ø–æ —Ç—é—Ä–∫—Å–∫–∏ “–∞—Å” ‚Äî –Ω–∏–∂–Ω–∏–π, “–∫—É–ª” ‚Äî –æ–∑–µ—Ä–æ) –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —é–∂–Ω–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏ –∏ —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –ø–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–æ–º –≤ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ö. –ï–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞ —é–≥ 20 –∫–º, –∞ –æ–±—â–∞—è –¥–ª–∏–Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ–π —ç—Ä–æ–∑–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º—ã –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 400 –∫–º. –í–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –≤ –≥–µ–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–µ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç —É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç –ê–¥–∞–º–æ–º –û–ª–µ–∞—Ä–∏–µ–º, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤ 1636 –≥–æ–¥—É, –ø—Ä–æ–ø–ª—ã–≤–∞—è –º–∏–º–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏, –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–µ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –≤–ø–∞–¥–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –í–æ–ª–≥—É –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞—è —Ä–µ–∫–∞ –ê—Å–∫—É–ª–∞. –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –≤ —à–∏—Ä–∏–Ω—É 3 –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç—ã”.

–ß–∏—Å—Ç—ã—Ö –¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ª–µ—Å–æ–≤ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ—Å—å. –õ–∏—à—å –∫–æ–µ-–≥–¥–µ –ø–æ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞–º –®–∏—Ä—è–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–æ–ª–∏–Ω—ã –∏ –Ω–∞ –≤–æ–¥–æ—Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ö –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ —Ñ—Ä–∞–≥–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –Ω–∞—Å–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π. –ì–æ—Ä–∞–∑–¥–æ —á–∞—â–µ –¥—É–± –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –ª–∏–ø–æ–π –∏ –∫–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º. –í —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ–Ω—Å–∏–≤–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä—É–±–æ–∫, –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è–º–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö—Å—è –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ, –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –∏ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä–∞ –ª–∏–ø–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∏ –¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ª–µ—Å–æ–≤ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å. –õ–∏–ø–æ–≤—ã–µ –ª–µ—Å–∞ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ “–ø–æ–º–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ–ª–∏”, –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –ø–æ—Ä–æ—Å–ª–µ–≤—É—é –ø—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥—É, –∞ –¥—É–±–æ–≤—ã–µ – –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω—ã. –ó–∞—á–∞—Å—Ç—É—é –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –∫–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–∏–ø–æ–≤ –ª–µ—Å–∞ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä—É—é—Ç—Å—è –æ—Å–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –ª–µ—â–∏–Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –∑–∞—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏, –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ä–µ–∂–µ – –±–µ—Ä–µ–∑–Ω—è–∫–∏. –°–≤–æ–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–π —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —è–±–ª–æ–Ω–µ–≤—ã–µ –∏ –±–æ—è—Ä—ã—à–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ —Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ–ª–µ—Å—å—è (—Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω —Å–µ–ª –í–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∞ –∏ –ï—Ä–º–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ). –ó–ª–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ-—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã–µ –ª—É–≥–∞ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-–∫–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ü–æ–≤–æ-–º—è—Ç–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ –ª—É–≥–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—É—Ä–æ—á–µ–Ω—ã –∫ –ö–æ—á–∫–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–º—É, –®–∏—Ä—è–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º—É, –í–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º—É –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–∞–º. –ò–∑ –æ–ø—É—à–µ—á–Ω–æ-–ø–æ–ª—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Å–≤–æ–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã–µ –ª—É–≥–∞ —Å –∫–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º —Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º, —Ç–∞–≤–æ–ª–≥–æ–π, –¥—è–≥–∏–ª–µ–º. –õ—É–≥–æ–≤—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –≤–∏–¥–µ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏—Ö —Ñ—Ä–∞–≥–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –ø–æ –Ω–µ–∫—Ä—É—Ç—ã–º —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞–º –≤—ã—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–æ–ª–∏–Ω –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç —Å–æ–±–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç –æ—Ç —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –∫ –ª—É–≥–æ–≤—ã–º. –û–Ω–∏ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∑—É—é—Ç—Å—è –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã–º —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤—å–µ–º (—Å—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º —Å –ª—É–≥–æ–≤—ã–º) —Å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ–º –∑–ª–∞–∫–æ–≤ – –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—è –ø–µ—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≥–æ, –æ–≤—Å–µ—Ü–∞ –æ–ø—É—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ, —Ç–∏–º–æ—Ñ–µ–µ–≤–∫–∏ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–æ–π –∏ —Ç.–¥.

–¢–∏–ø—á–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ-–∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏ —Å —Ñ—Ä–∞–≥–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏ –±–æ—è—Ä—ã—à–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∑–∞—Ä–æ—Å–ª–µ–π –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ –∫—Ä—É—Ç—ã—Ö –∏ –æ–±—Ä—ã–≤–∏—Å—Ç—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞—Ö, –∞ –Ω–∞ —ç—Ä–æ–∑–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∞—Ö –∏–∑ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—è–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –¥–æ–ª–æ–º–∏—Ç–æ–≤ – —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-–∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∏ –∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å–Ω–æ-—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ—Ç—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ-—Ç–∏–ø—á–∞–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏. –ò–∑—Ä–µ–¥–∫–∞ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –ø—Ä–∏–±—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–æ-–≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä—É—é—â–∏–µ—Å—è –ø–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º –Ω–µ–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –≤–æ–¥–æ–µ–º–æ–≤, –∫–∞–∫, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –≤ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –±—ã–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∫–∞ –ì—É–¥—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –≤ —É—Ä–æ—á–∏—â–µ –ï–ª–≥—É—à–∏ –∏ –¥—Ä. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 480 –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤ —Å–æ—Å—É–¥–∏—Å—Ç—ã—Ö —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–π, —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö 8 —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è —ç–Ω–¥–µ–º–∏–∫–∞–º–∏, 9 —Ä–µ–ª–∏–∫—Ç–∞–º–∏, 88 –æ—Ç–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω—ã –∫ —á–∏—Å–ª—É —Ä–µ–¥–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –∏—Å—á–µ–∑–∞—é—â–∏—Ö. –¢–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –∫–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–Ω–∏–∫ —Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π, –ª–∏–ª–∏—è —Å–∞—Ä–∞–Ω–∫–∞, –Ω–∞–ø–µ—Ä—Å—Ç—è–Ω–∫–∞ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–æ—Ü–≤–µ—Ç–∫–æ–≤–∞—è, –ª–æ–º–æ–Ω–æ—Å —Ü–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π, —á–∏–Ω–∞ –õ–∏—Ç–≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞, –º–∞–Ω–∂–µ—Ç–∫–∞ –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –≤—ã—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ü–∏–∏ –ª–µ—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤: —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—É—Å–Ω–∏–∫ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –∫–æ—á–µ–¥—ã–∂–Ω–∏–∫ –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π, —Ö–≤–æ—â –ª–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π, –±–æ—Ä–µ—Ü —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π, –≤–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ—Ü –∫–æ–ª–æ—Å–∏—Å—Ç—ã–π, —Å–Ω—ã—Ç—å –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è, –≤–µ—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—á–∫–∞ –ª—é—Ç–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞—è, —Ä–µ–∑—É—Ö–∞ –ø–æ–≤–∏—Å–ª–∞—è, —Å–µ—Ä–¥–µ—á–Ω–∏–∫ –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–∞, –∫–æ–ª–æ–∫–æ–ª—å—á–∏–∫ –∫—Ä–∞–ø–∏–≤–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π, –±—É–¥—Ä–∞ –ø–ª—é—â–µ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–∞—è, —Ñ–∏–∞–ª–∫–∞ —É–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è, –∂–∏–≤–æ–∫–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫–ª–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω–∞—è, –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ—Ü–≤–µ—Ç –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–æ—á–∞—à–µ—á–Ω—ã–π, —â–∏—Ç–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫ –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–π, –æ—Ä–ª—è–∫ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –ø—Ä–æ–ª–µ—Å–Ω–∏–∫ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–π. –†–µ–¥–∫–æ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ª–∏—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–µ—Å–∞—Ö: —Å–∏–Ω—é—Ö–∞ –≥–æ–ª—É–±–∞—è, —â–∏—Ç–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫ —à–∞—Ä—Ç—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π, –≥—Ä—É—à–∞–Ω–∫–∞ –∫—Ä—É–≥–ª–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è, —Ñ–µ–≥–æ–ø—Ç–µ—Ä–∏—Å —Å–≤—è–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—â–∏–π, –∞–¥–æ–∫—Å–∞ –º—É—Å–∫—É—Å–Ω–∞—è.

–í –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã—Ö –∏ –ø–æ–ª—É–æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã—Ö —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞—Ö (–ª—É–≥–∞, –æ–ø—É—à–∫–∏, –≤—ã—Ä—É–±–∫–∏) —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ –≤—ã—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã —Å–∞–º—ã–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–µ –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ü–∏–∏ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏—Ö –≤–∏–¥–æ–≤ —Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–π: –∫—É–ø–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ –µ–≤—Ä–æ–ø–µ–π—Å–∫–∞—è, –æ–≤—Å–µ—Ü –æ–ø—É—à–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –ø–æ–¥–º–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –º—è–≥–∫–∏–π, –≥–æ—Ä–µ—Ü –∞–ª—å–ø–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–π, –≥–æ—Ä–µ—Ü –∑–º–µ–∏–Ω—ã–π, –ª–∞–±–∞–∑–Ω–∏–∫ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –∞–¥–æ–Ω–∏—Å –≤–µ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–π, –±—É–∫–≤–∏—Ü–∞ –ª–µ–∫–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è. –í–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç –ø–ª–∞—Ç–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–∞—Ä—Å—Ç—É—é—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –≤–æ–∑–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–≥–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞ –í–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–≤—Ä–∞–≥–∞. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å —á–µ—Ç–∫–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç—Å—è 3 –≤–∏–¥–∞ —É—Ä–æ—á–∏—â – –∫–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤–æ-–ª–∏–ø–æ–≤—ã–µ –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤—ã —Å –±–µ—Ä–µ–∑–Ω—è–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –æ—Å–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–ª–æ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –ø–æ–ª—É–Ω–∞–∫–ª–æ–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è—Ö –∏ —Å–µ–¥–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–∞—Ö, –¥—É–±—Ä–∞–≤—ã, –±–µ—Ä–µ–∑–Ω—è–∫–∏, –æ—Å–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –Ω–∞ –∫—Ä—É—Ç—ã—Ö —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞—Ö –∏ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–∞—Ö, —á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ—Å—è —Å —Ç–∏–ø—á–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ-–∫–æ–≤—ã–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏, –∫–æ–µ-–≥–¥–µ –∑–∞—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞—é—â–∏–º–∏ –¥–∏–∫–æ–π —è–±–ª–æ–Ω–µ–π –∏ –±–æ—è—Ä—ã—à–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–º. –ù–∞–∏–≤—ã—Å—à–µ–π —Ç–æ—á–∫–æ–π –í–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä —è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –î–∞–≤—ã–¥–æ–≤–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–∞ (177,4 –º). –í —Ä–µ–ª—å–µ—Ñ–µ –≥–æ—Ä—ã –∏ –µ–µ –æ–∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è—Ö –Ω–∞ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ –≤ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≥–µ–∫—Ç–∞—Ä —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã—Ö –∏ –ø–æ—Ä–æ—Å—à–∏—Ö –ª–µ—Å–æ–º –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –º–µ–ª–∫–∏—Ö –∫–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–æ–≤—ã—Ö –≤–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–∫. –î–∏–∞–º–µ—Ç—Ä –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö 30-50 –º, –≥–ª—É–±–∏–Ω–∞ –¥–æ 15-20 –º. –ö–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥—ã —Å–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω—ã –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–µ–ø–µ—Ä–º—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Å—É–ª—å—Ñ–∞—Ç–Ω–æ-–∫–∞—Ä–±–æ–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏ –æ—Ç–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ – –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—è–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –≥–∏–ø—Å–∞–º–∏. –ü—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –≤—Å—é–¥—É –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–µ—à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–∏–π –±–µ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫, —Å–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≥—Ä–∞–≤–∏–µ–º, –¥—Ä–µ—Å–≤–æ–π, –≥–∞–ª—å–∫–æ–π, —â–µ–±–Ω–µ–º, –ø–æ—Ä–æ–π –≤–∞–ª—É–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∏ –≥–ª—ã–±–∞–º–∏ –∏–∑ –∫–∞—Ä–±–æ–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Ä–æ–¥. –í–±–ª–∏–∑–∏ –∂–∏–ª—å—è –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –∑–∞–º—É—Å–æ—Ä–µ–Ω..

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ—Å—Ç—é–º–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ
2. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –¥–æ–±—ã—á–∏ –∏ –∏–∑—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –º–µ–¥–∏ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ó–∞–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è –∏ –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ü—Ä–∏—É—Ä–∞–ª—å—è
3. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –®–∏—Ä—è–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö —à—Ç–æ–ª–µ–Ω –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏
4. –ö–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø–µ—â–µ—Ä—ã –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏
5. –î–æ–±—ã—á–∞ –ø–µ—Å—á–∞–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –°–º–æ–ª—å–∫–∏–Ω–æ –≤ 18-19 –≤–µ–∫–∞—Ö