Краевед Самара

–ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–µ–π

–û–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ 11 –û–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—å 2015 –æ—Ç –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å

–ù–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –≤ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –º–µ—Ä–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–æ –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π. –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω –ø–æ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥—É –∑–∞–º–µ—á–∞–ª: “–ù–µ—Ç –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, –¥–∞–∂–µ —Å–∞–º–æ–π –æ—Ç–¥–∞–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–∞ –±—ã —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ”. –†–∞–∑–±–æ–≥–∞—Ç–µ–≤ –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–µ, –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã –ê—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–æ–≤—ã, –®–∏—Ö–æ–±–∞–ª–æ–≤—ã, –ñ—É—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–≤—ã, –ö—É—Ä–ª–∏–Ω—ã, –°—É–±–±–æ—Ç–∏–Ω—ã, –ù–µ–∫–ª—é—Ç–∏–Ω—ã. –ù–∞—Ä—è–¥—É —Å–æ —Å–∫–æ—Ç–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–≤–µ—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏–º –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ, —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ–µ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–æ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ–ø–∞—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –ù–∞ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–Ω–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –æ—Ç–º–µ–Ω–∞ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞. –ó–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –¥–≤–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç—å –ø—è—Ç—å –ª–µ—Ç –ø–æ—Å–µ–≤–Ω—ã–µ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ —É–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —á–µ–º –≤ —Ç—Ä–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–∞, —É—Ä–æ–∂–∞–π–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä –ø–æ–¥–Ω—è–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö —Å 24 –¥–æ 36 –ø—É–¥–æ–≤ —Å –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–Ω—ã. –ù–∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–µ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–∞—è. “–ü–æ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ–º–æ–π –ø—à–µ–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –∏ –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ —Ö–ª–µ–±–∞, – –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω, – –ø–æ —Ä–∞—Å—á–µ—Ç—É –Ω–∞ –¥—É—à—É –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ —Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏, –∞ –ø–æ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º—É –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–º—É –∏–∑–±—ã—Ç–∫—É —Ö–ª–µ–±–∞, –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –≤—ã–≤–æ–∑ –∑–∞ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—É, – –Ω–∞ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ”. –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω –ø–æ–¥—á–µ—Ä–∫–∏–≤–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ö–ª–µ–±–Ω–∞—è —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª—è —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–ª–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É, –æ—Ç –µ–µ —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–≤ –∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–∏—Ç –µ–≥–æ –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–µ.

–°—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –∫–∞–∫ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞ —Ö–ª–µ–±–Ω–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ —Ç–æ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ, —á—Ç–æ —Ä–µ–∫–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –≤—Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ –¥–≤–µ –Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏ —Ä–∞–Ω—å—à–µ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏. –õ–µ–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥ –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π: –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —Å—É—Ç–æ–∫, —ç—Ç–æ —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–æ —Å —Ç–µ–º, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–æ–≤—å—è—Ö —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª–∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–ª–æ—Ç–∏–Ω. –°–ø—É—Å–∫ —Ç–∞–ª—ã—Ö –≤–æ–¥ –Ω–∞ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–π –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –≤–µ–ª—Å—è –ø–æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, –ø–æ –º–µ—Ä–µ –Ω–∞–∫–æ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è. –í —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –∂–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä–µ–∫–∏, —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∏ –∏–∑–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—Ç–æ–π, —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–±–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ –ª–µ–¥ –∫ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –µ—Å–ª–∏ —Å—É–¥–∞ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ —Ä–µ–∫–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞, –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å—Ä–∞–∑—É —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –∏—Ö –ø–æ–¥ –ø–æ–≥—Ä—É–∑–∫—É, –∞ –∫–∞–∫ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –æ—á–∏—â–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –æ—Ç –ª—å–¥–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–∞, –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –≤ —Ä–µ–π—Å. –û–±—ã—á–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–æ–≤–Ω—ã–µ —Å—É–¥–∞ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞. –í 1843 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≤—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª –≤ —Å–∏–ª—É –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–∞—é—â–∏–π –∏–º–µ—Ç—å –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –ª–∏—Ü–∞–º. –°—Ä–∞–∑—É –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–µ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–µ—Å—è “–ü–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ”. –°–≤–æ–µ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–µ —Å—É–¥–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ “–í–æ–ª–≥–∞”, –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ –≤ –ì–æ–ª–ª–∞–Ω–¥–∏–∏. –ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π —Ä–µ–π—Å –æ–Ω–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–ª–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∏–∑ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã.

15 –º–∞—è 1846 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥ –≤—ã—à–µ–ª –≤ –†—ã–±–∏–Ω—Å–∫ —Å –≥—Ä—É–∑–æ–º –ø—à–µ–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –≤ 150 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á –ø—É–¥–æ–≤. –ë—ã–ª –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –ø–∞–≤–æ–¥–æ–∫, —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–∫–∏ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª –≤ –†—ã–±–∏–Ω—Å–∫ –¥–≤–µ –±–∞—Ä–∂–∏ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –∑–∞ —Ç—Ä–∏ –Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏. –ù–∞–¥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞—Ç—å, —à–µ–ª –æ–Ω —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–Ω–µ–º, —Ç–∞–∫ –∫–∞–∫ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ –ª–∏—à—å 13 —Å—É—Ç–æ–∫. –ù–µ–º–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ –∏ —Ç–æ –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥ —Å—É–º–µ–ª –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç—å —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É —à—Ç–æ—Ä–º—É, –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–≥–∏–±–ª–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–∞—Ä—É—Å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—É–¥–æ–≤. –î–≤–∞ –Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ä–µ–π—Å–∞ “–í–æ–ª–≥–∏” —Å –≥—Ä—É–∑–æ–º –≤ 245 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á –ø—É–¥–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–µ—Å–ª–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É 13 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π —á–∏—Å—Ç–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–ª–∏. –í —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â—É—é –Ω–∞–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏—é –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–µ–∑ –≤ –æ–±—â–µ–π —Å–ª–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ 429 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á –ø—É–¥–æ–≤, –∑–∞—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–≤ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º 80 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –¢–∞–∫–æ–µ –æ–±–Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—â–µ–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –ø–æ–±—É–¥–∏–ª–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å –≤ –ì–æ–ª–ª–∞–Ω–¥–∏–∏ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –±—É–∫—Å–∏—Ä—ã “–ì–µ—Ä–∫—É–ª–µ—Å” –∏ “–°–∞–º—Å–æ–Ω”. –ü–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –º–æ—â–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ (460 —Å–∏–ª) –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –≤ –¥–≤–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–≤–æ—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ “–í–æ–ª–≥—É”. –í 1848 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–±–∞ —Å—É–¥–Ω–∞ –≤—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–∏ –≤ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—É –∏ –≥—Ä—É–∑–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞ —Ö–ª–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—è—Ö –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –í—Å–ª–µ–¥ –∑–∞ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º “–ü–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ” –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ–º–ø–∞–Ω–∏–π, —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤: “–ö–∞–≤–∫–∞–∑”, “–ú–µ—Ä–∫—É—Ä–∏–π”, “–î—Ä—É–∂–∏–Ω–∞”, “–ù–µ–ø—Ç—É–Ω”, “–ü–æ–ª—å–∑–∞”. –û–Ω–∏ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö —Å–≤–æ–∏ –∞–≥–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏.

–ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –∏–º–µ–ª –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–µ–π: –ª–µ—Å–Ω—ã–µ, –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ, —Ö–ª–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ. –í –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ 1854 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –±–µ–∑—ã–º—è–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ—Ä—Ä–µ—Å–ø–æ–Ω–¥–µ–Ω—Ç “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π” –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –æ –Ω–∏—Ö —Ç–∞–∫: “–í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏ – —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –±–µ–∑–¥–Ω—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –ø–æ–≥–ª–æ—â–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ–∏–º–æ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –º–∞—Å—Å—ã —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–æ–≤; –≤ –Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –ª–µ–∂–∏—Ç –∏ –Ω–µ –∑–∞–ª–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –¥–∞–ª–µ–µ –∑–∏–º—ã: –≤—Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ – –∏, —Å–∫–æ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∑–∏–º—ã –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—è—Ö –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–µ –≥—Ä—É–∑—ã —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–æ–≤ —É–Ω–æ—Å—è—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—à–∏–Ω–∞—Ö, –±–∞—Ä–∂–∞—Ö –∏ —Å—É–¥–∞—Ö –≤ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–µ –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–µ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø—É–Ω–∫—Ç—ã –∏ –ø–æ—Ä—Ç—ã –ö–∞—Å–ø–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–π, –ë–∞–ª—Ç–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–π –∏ –ê–∑–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª–æ–∫ –ö–∞—á–∞–ª–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π”. –û –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤, —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö –≥—Ä—É–∑–æ–≤, –∏—Ö –æ–±—ä–µ–º–∞—Ö –¥–∞—é—Ç —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ç–µ–º–∏ –∂–µ “–í–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç—è–º–∏” –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π –¥–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –º–∞–µ 1858 –≥–æ–¥–∞: “–ù–∞–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏—è –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–ª–∞—Å—å 14 –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è. –° —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ –º–∞–π –≥—Ä—É–∑–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏ –∏ –æ—Ç–æ—à–ª–æ 7 –∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—à–∏–Ω —Å 12 –ø–æ–¥—á–∞–ª–∫–∞–º–∏. –ö–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∫–ª–∞–¥–∏ –≤ –ø—É–¥–∞—Ö – 1.485. 974. –ö–∞–±–µ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤ – 5. –ü—Ä–∏ –Ω–∏—Ö 20 –±–∞—Ä–∂. –ü–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã —ç—Ç–∏ –ö–æ–º–ø–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞: “–ì–µ—Ä–∫—É–ª–µ—Å” – 460 —Å–∏–ª, “–°–∞–º—Å–æ–Ω” – 460 —Å–∏–ª, “–ö–∞–º–∞” – 300 —Å–∏–ª, “–í–æ–ª–≥–∞” – 250 —Å–∏–ª. –ü–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ “–ú–µ—Ä–∫—É—Ä–∏–π”: “–ú–∏–Ω–∏–Ω” – 200 —Å–∏–ª, “–ö–Ω—è–∑—å –ü–∞—Ä–∏–∂—Å–∫–∏–π” – 200 —Å–∏–ª.

–ü–∞—Ä—É—Å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—É–¥–æ–≤: —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏–≤ – 128. –ê –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Ç–∏–ø–æ–≤: –¢–∏—Ö–≤–∏–Ω–∫–∏ – 1, –ö–ª–∞–¥–Ω—ã–µ – 5, –ë–∞—Ä–∂–∞ —Å–ø–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è – 2, –ü–æ–ª—É–±–∞—Ä–∫–∞ – 1, –ú–µ–∂–µ—É–º–æ–∫ – 1, –®–∏—Ç–∏–∫ – 1, –ü–∞—Ä–æ–º – 2. –ò—Ç–æ–≥–æ 222 —Å—É–¥–Ω–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –≤–∑—è–ª–∏ 5.692.225 –ø—É–¥–æ–≤. –†–µ—á—å –∏–¥–µ—Ç –æ —Å—É–¥–∞—Ö, –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –∏ —É—à–µ–¥—à–∏—Ö –∏–∑ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º —Ä–µ–π—Å–æ–º. –ò—Ö —á–∏—Å–ª–æ –∫–æ–ª–µ–±–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞–º, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ö–ª–µ–±–∞, –≤—ã—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ–º–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–∂—É. –ò–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å–Ω–∏–∂–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–æ 96 —Å—É–¥–æ–≤, –∫–∞–∫ –≤ 1860 –≥–æ–¥—É, –∏–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ —É–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–æ 357, –∫–∞–∫ –≤ 1870. –£ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Ö–ª–µ–±–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—è–º–∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤, –Ω–æ –∏ —Å–≤–æ–∏ –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∫–∏. –ì–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–π –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö – –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∫–∏ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤, –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ. –†–µ–∫–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ —Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π–Ω–∞ –∏ –º–µ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–Ω–∞, –≤ –ø–∞–≤–æ–¥–æ–∫ —É—Ä–æ–≤–µ–Ω—å –µ–µ –ø–æ–≤—ã—à–∞–ª—Å—è –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∞—Ä—à–∏–Ω. –°–∫–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç–æ–∂–µ –Ω–µ–≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∞ –∏ –∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–µ–ª–∞ –≤ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–º –æ—Ç —É—Ä–æ–≤–Ω—è –≤–æ–¥—ã –≤ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –±—ã–ª –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫, –≤ —É—Å—Ç—å–µ–≤–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–µ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è. –°–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤–µ—Å–Ω—ã, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å—É–¥–∞ —É–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–æ –≤ –í–æ–ª–≥—É, —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ. –í –∑–∏–º–Ω–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª—è —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ–º –≤–µ–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ª—å–¥—É —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –æ—Ç –°–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –¥–æ –°—É—Ö–æ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–∏. –í —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Å–µ–π –∑–∏–º—ã —Å–Ω–µ–≥ —Å–º–µ—à–∏–≤–∞–ª—Å—è —Å –∫–æ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –Ω–∞–≤–æ–∑–æ–º, —É—Ç–∞–ø—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –¥–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏, —á—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–µ–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ –º–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤ –ª—å–¥–∞ –¥–æ –¥–≤—É—Ö –∞—Ä—à–∏–Ω.

–ê –≤—ã—à–µ –ø–æ —Ä–µ–∫–µ —Ç–æ–ª—â–∏–Ω–∞ –ª—å–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ. –ò –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –≤–∑–ª–∞–º—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ, –æ–Ω —É–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª—Å—è –ø–æ–¥ –ª–µ–¥—è–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª–µ, –ø—Ä–µ–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞—è —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –¥–æ —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ –¥–Ω–∞. –®–µ–ª —Ä–µ–∑–∫–∏–π –ø–æ–¥—ä–µ–º –≤–æ–¥—ã, –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–∞–≤—à–∏–π –∑–∞ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —á–∞—Å–æ–≤ —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö –∞—Ä—à–∏–Ω. –û–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ –∑–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –Ω–µ—Å—è –±–∏—Ç—ã–π –ª–µ–¥, —Å–∫–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –í–æ–ª–≥—É, —Å—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ —Å —è–∫–æ—Ä–µ–π —Å—É–¥–∞. –ö–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, —Å—É–¥–æ–≤—â–∏–∫–∏ –∑–Ω–∞–ª–∏ –æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–º –Ω—Ä–∞–≤–µ —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã–µ –º–µ—Ä—ã. –ë–∞—Ä–∂–∏, –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã –æ–±–∫–∞–ª—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏, —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ª–µ–¥ “–Ω–∞ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç—ã”, —Å–ø–ª–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –≤ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫—É—é –ø–æ–ª—ã–Ω—å—é. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ —ç—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–æ —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö. 2 –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª—è 1862 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–ª—É—á–∏–ª—Å—è –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –≤—ã–Ω–æ—Å 27 —Å—É–¥–æ–≤ –≤ –í–æ–ª–≥—É. –°—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ “–ù–µ–ø—Ç—É–Ω”, “–î—Ä—É–∂–∏–Ω–∞”, –í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ – –ö–∞–º—Å–∫–æ–µ –∏ –¥–µ–≤—è—Ç—å –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–≤. –¢–µ–º –∂–µ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–º –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –¥–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏ –ï. –§. –ö–∞—Å–ø–µ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–ª –∏–∑—ã—Å–∫–∞–Ω–∏—è, —Ü–µ–ª—å—é –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –±—ã–ª–æ –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∫–∏ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤. –í —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª–µ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –æ–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º–∏–ª —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ —á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π”, –ø–æ–ø—ã—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å –∏ –Ω–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å: –≥–¥–µ –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≥–∏–¥—Ä–æ—Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏ –ª–µ–¥–æ–≤—ã–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã? –ü–æ –º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—é –ö–∞—Å–ø–µ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á–∞, –≤—Å–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥—ã –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –Ω–µ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü—ã.

“… –ï—Å–ª–∏ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∫–∏ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç—å –ø–ª–∞—Ç—É –ø–æ 50 –∫–æ–ø. —Å —Å–∏–ª—ã –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞, —Ç–æ –ø–æ—à–ª–∏–Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–∞ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç –ø–æ —á–∏—Å–ª—É –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏ 120-—Å–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∏ 80 –±–∞—Ä–∂ 50 —Ç. –ø—É–¥. –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∫–∞–∂–¥–∞—è – 2600 —Ä—É–±. –û—Ç–¥–µ–ª–∏–≤ 488 —Ä—É–±. –¥–ª—è –µ–∂–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –≤—ã–∫–æ–ª–∫—É –ª—å–¥–∞ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –°–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–æ–º –∏ —Å—É—Ö–æ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–æ–π, –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ 1612 —Ä—É–±., –µ–∂–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–æ –≤–Ω–æ—Å–∏–º—ã–µ –≤ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –±–∞–Ω–∫, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤—è—Ç —Å—É–º–º—É, –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω—É—é –¥–ª—è –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏ –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏”. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä, —Ä–∞–¥–µ—è –æ–± –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–∞—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, —Ç–æ–∂–µ –Ω–µ —á—É–∂–¥–∞–ª—Å—è –º—ã—Å–ª–∏ –æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏ –¥–ª—è –∑–∏–º–Ω–µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–æ—è —Å—É–¥–æ–≤. –ü—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞, –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ –∏–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞–º. “–ö–æ–ª—å —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —á–∏—Å–ª–æ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤, – –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –æ–Ω –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—É, – —Ç–æ –Ω–µ–∏–∑–±–µ–∂–Ω–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—Å—è –º–µ—Ö–∞–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ–µ –≤ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≥–¥–µ –≤ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–µ —Ä—É–∫–∏ –¥–ª—è –∑–µ–º–ª–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏—è –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—è—é—Ç—Å—è –º–∞—à–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —á–∏–Ω–∏—Ç—å –Ω–µ–≥–¥–µ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –∑–∞ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å–æ—Ç –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç”. –ö–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, –≤—Å–µ —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø—Ä–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ. “–û—Å–æ–±—ã–π –∑–∞—Ç–æ–Ω —Å –ª–µ–¥–æ—Ä–µ–∑–∞–º–∏” –µ—Å—Ç—å, –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü—ã —Å—É–¥–æ–≤ –∏ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –∏–º–µ—Ç—å –∑–∏–º–Ω—é—é —Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∫—É. –î–µ–ª–æ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∑–∞ –º–∞–ª—ã–º: —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∏—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –≤ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏—Ö –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏—è—Ö. –ù–æ –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–ª–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∞—è –∂–µ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –∏ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è.

–ü—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞, –∫–∞–∫ —Å–∞–º –º–∏—Ä. “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏” –µ—â–µ –≤ –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª–µ 1862 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥—É: “..—Ç–∞–∫ –∫–∞–∫ —É –Ω–∞—Å –±–µ–∑ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö, –æ–±—â–∏—Ö –∏ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –Ω–µ–ª—å–∑—è –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∏ –∫ –∫–∞–∫–æ–º—É –¥–µ–ª—É, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –±—ã –∏ –ø–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–º—É, —Ç–æ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–µ–≤–∞ –Ω–µ –∑–Ω–∞–ª–∏, –∫ –∫–∞–∫–æ–º—É –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–æ—é –ø–æ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—â–µ–º—É –∏—Ö –¥–µ–ª—É. –í–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, –Ω–∞—à–∏ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–µ–≤–∞ – –ø–ª–æ—Ö–∏–µ –¥–∏–ø–ª–æ–º–∞—Ç—ã, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –Ω–∞—à–ª–∏ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–æ–π –¥–∏–ª–µ–º–º—ã, –∏ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª–∏ –∂–¥–∞—Ç—å –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏, –ø–æ–∫–∞ –Ω–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–æ–≤ –≤–µ–¥–æ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥—ã –≤–∑—è–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–∞—Ç—å —É—Ä–æ–∫ –∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º, –∏ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–µ–≤–∞–º. –í–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, —ç—Ç–æ –¥–µ–ª–æ –Ω–µ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ —Å–º–µ—à–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç–æ–π —Å–ª—É—Ö–∞–º–∏ –æ–± —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Ä–µ—á–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –≤–æ–∑–±—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –º—ã —É–∑–Ω–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ–∑–∂–µ, –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏, –ø–æ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –æ–∫—Ä—É–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è, –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –∏–∑—ã—Å–∫–∞–Ω–∏—è, –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç, –Ω–∞—à–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∫–∏–µ-—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–µ–ø—è—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è. –í–æ—Ç –∑–∞–≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏”. –í 1871 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ø—ã—Ç–∫–∞ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –∑–∞—Ç–æ–Ω. –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –¥—É–º–∞ –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–ª–∞ –¥–∞–∂–µ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏—é, “–Ω–æ –æ–Ω–∞ –Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö —Å–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –Ω–µ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞ –∏ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –¥–µ–ª–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–æ –≤ –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤”.

–í 1885 –≥–æ–¥—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –æ–±–∑–∞–≤–µ–ª–∞—Å—å —Å–≤–æ–∏–º —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Å—É–¥–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–æ–º. –°–ª—É—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —ç—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫. –û–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ “–ù–µ–ø—Ç—É–Ω” –≤ 1873 –≥–æ–¥—É –ª–∏–∫–≤–∏–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –≤ –ß–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–º –∑–∞—Ç–æ–Ω–µ. –ò—Ö –æ–±–æ—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ–ª –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–µ–∑ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –º–µ—Ö–∞–Ω–∏–∫ –ì–æ—Ç—Ö–∞—Ä–¥ –ö–∞—Ä–ª–æ–≤–∏—á –ë–µ–Ω–∫–µ. –°–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª—Å—è –∏–∑–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø–ª—É–≥–æ–≤, —Å–µ—è–ª–æ–∫, –∫–æ—Å–∏–ª–æ–∫, –ø–∞—Ä–æ–≤—ã—Ö –º–æ–ª–æ—Ç–∏–ª–æ–∫, –º–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±–æ—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –î–µ–ª–∞ —à–ª–∏ –Ω–µ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —É—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–æ, –∏ –ì. –ö. –ë–µ–Ω–∫–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫ –∫ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—é –≤ –Ω–∏—Ö –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–≤: –ü–∞–≤–ª–∞ –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ñ—É—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–≤–∞, –ê–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –®–∏—Ö–æ–±–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞, –ì–µ–æ—Ä–≥–∏—è –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –∏ –ö–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ö—É—Ä–ª–∏–Ω—ã—Ö. –ü–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ø–æ–¥ –≤–ª–∏—è–Ω–∏–µ–º –ü. –ú. –ñ—É—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–≤–∞, –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥ —Å—Ç–∞–ª –º–µ–Ω—è—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–∏–ª—å, –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞—è—Å—å –∫ —Å—É–¥–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏—é. 13 –º–∞—è 1885 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç–æ—Ä–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–æ —Å–ª—É—á–∞—é —Å–ø—É—Å–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ –≤–æ–¥—É –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ “–ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π”. –ù–∞ –Ω–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –ê. –î. –°–≤–µ—Ä–±–µ–µ–≤, –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—ã–µ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–µ, –¥—É—Ö–æ–≤–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∏, —Ä–∞–∑—É–º–µ–µ—Ç—Å—è, —Å–∞–º —Ö–æ–∑—è–∏–Ω –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ – –∫—É–ø–µ—Ü –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä –ì–∞–≤—Ä–∏–ª–æ–≤–∏—á –£–≥–ª–æ–≤. “–ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π” —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–ª –ø—Ä–æ–±–Ω—ã–π —Ä–µ–π—Å –¥–æ –ë–∞—Ä–±–∞—à–∏–Ω–æ–π –ü–æ–ª—è–Ω—ã, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Å–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–ª—Å—è –¥–æ –ö–æ—Ä–æ–≤—å–µ–≥–æ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞, –∑–∞—à–µ–ª –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É, —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≤—ã—à–µ–ª –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥—É, –≥–¥–µ –≥–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —Å–æ—à–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏ –ê–∫—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ “–°–∞–º–æ–ª–µ—Ç”. –ö–æ—Ä—Ä–µ—Å–ø–æ–Ω–¥–µ–Ω—Ç “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π”, —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—è –æ–± —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏–∏, –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–í—Å–µ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –∏ –º–∞—à–∏–Ω—ã, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –∏ —É—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –≤ —á–∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ç–µ –∑–∞–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–Ω—ã–º —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–º, –∑–∞–º–µ—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é. –í–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Ç—â–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ —á–µ—Ä—Ç–µ–∂–∏ –∏ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–ª–∏ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑ –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ—Å–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –∏ —É–º–Ω–æ, –Ω–µ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä—è –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫—É (–ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω –≤ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä–µ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞. –ü–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥ –±—É–∫—Å–∏—Ä–Ω—ã–π, –æ—Ç–∞–ø–ª–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç—å—é –∏ —Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç 450000 —Ä—É–±.). –ù–∞ —Ö–æ–¥—É –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —É—Å—Ç–æ–π—á–∏–≤, –Ω–µ –∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–Ω–æ –º–∞–ª–µ–π—à–µ–≥–æ —Å–æ—Ç—Ä—è—Å–µ–Ω–∏—è, —á—Ä–µ–∑–≤—ã—á–∞–π–Ω–æ –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ –∏ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–æ –ø–æ–≤–∏–Ω—É–µ—Ç—Å—è —Ä—É–ª—é, —Ç–∞–∫ —á—Ç–æ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –¥–µ–ª–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –≤—ã—à–ª–æ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —É–¥–∞—á–Ω—ã–º. –°–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ –¥–ª—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ù—É–∂–Ω–æ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—É –§. –ì. –£–≥–ª–æ–≤–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—Ç –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –∫–æ–º–º–µ—Ä—Å–∞–Ω—Ç—ã, –∏ –≤–æ—Ç –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –Ω–æ–≤–∞—è –æ—Ç—Ä–∞—Å–ª—å –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –∑–∞—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–∏ –∏ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è. –î–∞–π –±–æ–≥ —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–∞ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–µ–º—É –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—é, –¥–∞–π –±–æ–≥, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –≤—Å–µ –±–ª–∞–≥–∏–µ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è, –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≤ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö –∑–∞ –∑–∞–≤—Ç—Ä–∞–∫–æ–º, –æ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–∞–¥–µ–ª–µ”.

–î–æ 1894 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–µ –ü. –ú. –ñ—É—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–≤–∞ (—Å 1887 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–µ–ª –≤ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ü–∞–≤–ª–∞ –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–∏—á–∞) –¥–ª—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ –§. –ì. –£–≥–ª–æ–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω—ã –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã “–í—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π” –∏ “–ú–∏—Ö–∞–∏–ª”. –û–±–∑–∞–≤–µ–ª—Å—è –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–æ–º “–ì—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏–Ω—è –®–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ—Ç—å–µ–≤–∞” —Å–∞–º –ü. –ú. –ñ—É—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–≤. –ò –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑—ã –ø–æ—à–ª–∏ –æ—Ç –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –ú—è—Å—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö (“–î–≤–∞ –±—Ä–∞—Ç–∞”, “–ë—Ä–∞—Ç—å—è –ú—è—Å—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã”, “–ë–µ–ª–æ—Ä—ã–±–∫–∞”), –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –°–∞–ø–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö (“–ï–ª–∏–∑–∞–≤–µ—Ç–∞”, “–ö—Å–µ–Ω–∏—è”, “–°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–π”) –ê. –ú. –ö–æ–Ω–¥—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤–∞ (“–°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ—Ü”, “–ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä”), –ü. –ê. –û—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–≤–∞ (“–ì–æ—Ä–±–∞—Ç–æ–≤”, “–ú–∞—Ä–∏—è”) –∏ —Ç.–¥. –ö —á–∏—Å–ª—É –≤–∞–∂–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏–π –Ω–µ—Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ—Ç –æ—Ç–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏–µ –≤ 1877 –≥–æ–¥—É –û—Ä–µ–Ω–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏. –° —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ –Ω–µ–π, –∞ –Ω–µ –≥—É–∂–µ–≤—ã–º —Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Å–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–º, –ø–æ—à–µ–ª –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é —Ö–ª–µ–± –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É. –ù–∞ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–µ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–≤–æ–∏ —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—â–∞, –æ–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–≤–µ–ª–∞ —Å–∫—É–ø–∫—É —Ö–ª–µ–±–∞, –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä–∏—Ä—É—è —Å –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º —Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Å–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–º, —Å–Ω–∏–∂–∞–ª–∞ —Ñ—Ä–∞—Ö—Ç –≤ –ª–µ—Ç–Ω–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∑–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–∑–∫—É –≥—Ä—É–∑–æ–≤ —Ä–æ–≤–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω—É. –ù–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–ª –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω, “–¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º –ø—É—Ç–µ–º –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ —É—Å–∏–ª–∏–ª–æ—Å—å”. –ü–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–º –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∏ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –¥–ª—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –≥—Ä—É–∑—ã: –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç—å, –∫–µ—Ä–æ—Å–∏–Ω, –¥–ª—è —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Å–µ —Ä–µ–∫ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–∏ –¢–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç—è–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ “–ë—Ä. –ù–æ–±–µ–ª—å” –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ “–ú–∞–∑—É—Ç” –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –º–µ—Ç–∞–ª–ª–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –±–∞–∫–∏. –¢–∞–∫ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞–ª–æ—á–Ω—ã–π –ø—É–Ω–∫—Ç –±–∞–∫–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç–∏ –∏ –ø—Ä–æ–¥—É–∫—Ç–æ–≤ –µ–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–∏, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–µ–º—ã—Ö –≤ –°–∏–±–∏—Ä—å. –£ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –±—É–∫—Å–∏—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã –∏ –Ω–∞–ª–∏–≤–Ω—ã–µ –±–∞—Ä–∂–∏ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤. –ê –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –¥–ª—è –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç–æ—è —Å—É–¥–æ–≤, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–∞.

–í –∞–ø—Ä–µ–ª–µ 1885 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Ä–µ–∫–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–∞ —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≤–∑–±—É–Ω—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å, –≤—ã–Ω–µ—Å–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥—É –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤. –í–Ω–æ–≤—å –∑–∞–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–∏ –æ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã. –ò –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ –∑–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏ –µ—â–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç—å –ª–µ—Ç. –ò —Ç—É—Ç, –∫ –Ω–µ—Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é –æ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö –∏ –∫ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö, –≤—ã–ø–∞–ª –Ω–µ—É—Ä–æ–∂–∞–π–Ω—ã–π –≥–æ–¥. –ó–∞—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–æ–∫ –ª—é–¥—è–º –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–∞—Ç—å —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã. 2 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è 1891 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–∞ –ù. –ì. –ù–µ–∫–ª—é—Ç–∏–Ω –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª –æ—Ç –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ê. –î. –°–≤–µ—Ä–±–µ–µ–≤–∞, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è “–†–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ö—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–∞, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∏–º –ø–æ–¥ –≤—ã—Å–æ—á–∞–π—à–∏–º –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤–µ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—ã–Ω–∏ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü—ã” –ø–∏—Å—å–º–æ, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º —Ä–µ—á—å —à–ª–∞ “–æ–± —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –¥–ª—è –∑–∏–º–Ω–µ–π —Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∫–∏ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤” –∏ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–∞ “—É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç—ã–π –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å –≤—ã–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞ –æ–±—Å—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –¥—É–º—ã”. 29 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –¥—É–º–∞ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∞ –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å –æ —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –∏ –¥–∞–ª–∞ –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑: –Ω–µ—Ç —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤. –ò –≤–¥—Ä—É–≥ —Å–∏—Ç—É–∞—Ü–∏—è —Ä–µ–∑–∫–æ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∞—Å—å. –ò–∑ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–∞ —Ç–µ–ª–µ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è: “–í—ã—Ö–ª–æ–ø–æ—Ç–∞–ª –¥–ª—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏ –¥–∞—Ä–æ–º –∑–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç –∫–∞–∑–Ω—ã –±–µ–∑ –≤—Å—è–∫–∏—Ö –æ–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –º–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ç—Ä–µ—Ç—å—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∫–∞–∑–Ω—ã –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ—Å—Ä–æ—á–Ω–∞—è —Å—Å—É–¥–∞ –±–µ–∑ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç–µ –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –õ–∞–≤—Ä–æ–≤”. –¢–∞–∫–æ–µ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ–µ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞ –æ–± —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–ª–æ —Ä–∞–¥–æ—Å—Ç—å –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –¥—É–º—ã. –ò –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã—Ç–∏–∏ –∏–∑ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—ã —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Å–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–∞ –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ—è –û—Å–∏–ø–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –õ–∞–≤—Ä–æ–≤–∞, –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫ –≤—Å–µ —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–æ—à–ª–æ. –ê –±—ã–ª–æ —ç—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫.

–ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –¥–µ–ª –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–ª –° .–û. –õ–∞–≤—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—É –¥–ª—è —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—è –≤ —Å–æ–≤–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –≤ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—è—Ö, –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –æ—Ç –Ω–µ—É—Ä–æ–∂–∞—è. –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ—Ç–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏–ª–æ –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–∏ —Ü–µ–ª–∏ –±–µ–∑–≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ 10 –º–∏–ª–ª–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤ —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –†–µ—à–∞–ª–∏, –≤ –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è—Ö –∏ –Ω–∞ –∫–∞–∫–∏–µ –≤–∏–¥—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –ª—É—á—à–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —ç—Ç–∏ –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏. –°. –û. –õ–∞–≤—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª—é–¥–µ–π –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏, –º–æ—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —É–ª–∏—Ü, —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ë–∞–ª–∞–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–∞–º–±—ã –∏ –ø–æ–¥–Ω—è—Ç–∏–∏ —Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∞ –æ—Ç –ó–∞—Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥—ã –¥–æ –°—Ç—Ä–æ–º–∏–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ö—É—Ç–æ—Ä–∞. –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä –Ω–µ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞–∂–∞–ª. –õ–∏—à—å –ø–æ—Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª, –Ω–µ –º–µ—à–∫–∞—è, –¥–µ—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ–±—Å—É–¥–∏—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ –≤ –¥—É–º–µ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–µ—Å–ª–∏ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—ã –∏ –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—é—â–µ–º—É –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—É. –ì–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–µ –¥—É–º—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ —É–¥–æ–≤–ª–µ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω—ã, –æ—Å–æ–±–æ –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª–∏–≤ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–µ –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ: –õ–∞–≤—Ä–æ–≤ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª –¥–æ–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–¥–æ–±–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ—Å–ø–æ–¥–∏–Ω—É –º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä—É. –≠—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ –ª–∏—á–Ω–∞—è –∏–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–∞—Ç–∏–≤–∞, –∑–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–π –û—Å–∏–ø–æ–≤–∏—á –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏–Ω –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ò –æ–Ω–∞ —Ç—É—Ç –∂–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ –µ–º—É –≤—ã—Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∞. –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –∂–µ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è: –º–æ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ —É–ª–∏—Ü –∏ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–µ–π –≤ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ 175000 –∫–≤–∞–¥—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω—å, —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–∞–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–æ–π —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏, –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–æ—Å—Ç–∞ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —Ä–µ–∫—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–∞, –≤ –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ –ø–ª–∞—à–∫–æ—É—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –∏–±–æ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–π –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ –≤–µ—Ç—Ö–∏–π. –û –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞ —Ä–µ–∫–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–µ: “–≤ –≤—ã—Å—à–µ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ –∂–µ–ª–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç, –µ—Å–ª–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≤–∞—è –±—É–¥–µ—Ç —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∞ –∑–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç –ü—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –±–µ–∑ –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –≤ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∞—Ö –Ω–∞ –µ–µ —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–µ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ”.

17 —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1892 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –¥—É–º–∞ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–∞ –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å “–û–± —É—Å—Ç—É–ø–∫–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞, –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–ª—è —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏”. –í —Ç–æ—Ç –∂–µ –¥–µ–Ω—å –±—ã–ª–∞ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∞ –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏—è, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –≤–æ—à–ª–∏ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–µ –ï. –¢. –ö–æ–∂–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –°. –í. –†—è–±–æ–≤, –ê. –ú. –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤, –ê. –ò. –ï–≥–æ—Ä–æ–≤, –ò. –õ. –°–∞–Ω–∏–Ω –∏ –ù. –ò. –ê—Ä–Ω–æ–ª—å–¥–æ–≤. –£–∂–µ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –ø—è—Ç—å –¥–Ω–µ–π, –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏—è –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–∏ –∫ –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—é: “–ó–µ–º–ª—é –ø–æ–¥ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –∏ –µ–µ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ 33370 –∫–≤–∞–¥—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–µ–π —É—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É –±–µ–∑–≤–æ–∑–º–µ–∑–¥–Ω–æ”. –ö —Å–æ–∂–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å–ø–æ–¥–∏–Ω–æ–º –®—Ç—É–∫–µ–Ω–±–µ—Ä–≥–æ–º, —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ —Ö–æ–¥–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –≤ –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–µ –æ—Ç—ã—Å–∫–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ —É–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å. –û–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω—ã –ª–∏—à—å —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω, –∏–∑—ä—è–≤–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–µ —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º–∏ –ø–æ–¥–≤–æ–¥–∞–º–∏, —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–≤, —É –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –∑–∞–∫—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ –¥–µ—à–µ–≤–æ–π —Ü–µ–Ω–µ –∫–æ–ª–µ—Å–∞ –¥–ª—è —Ç–∞—á–µ–∫, –ª–æ–º—ã, –ª–æ–ø–∞—Ç—ã. –° –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π “—Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏–∫–∏” –∏ –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤–æ–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∞ –∑–∏–º–æ–π –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–∏–∂–µ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–æ—Å—Ç–∞ ¬´–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –æ—Ç –ª–µ–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –¥–∞–º–±–∞ –∏–∑ –≥—Ä—É–Ω—Ç–∞, –≤—ã–Ω—É—Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä—É—á–Ω—É—é –∏–∑ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–π –º–µ–∂–¥—É –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–æ–º –∏ –¥–∞–º–±–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã”. –õ–µ—Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –¥–æ–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–ª—É–±–∏–Ω—É –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –¥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ–π –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ç–∫–∏, –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª–∏–ª –£–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –æ–¥–Ω—É –∑–µ–º–ª–µ—á–µ—Ä–ø–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –º–∞—à–∏–Ω—É –∏ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ—Å–æ—Å (—Å–æ—Å—É–Ω) –ë–∞–∑–µ–Ω–∞. –ò–º–∏ –±—ã–ª–æ –∏–∑–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 2000 –∫—É–±–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω—å —Ñ—É–Ω—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ 4400 –∫–≤–∞–¥—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω—å.
–û—Å–µ–Ω—å—é –≤ –±—É—Ö—Ç—É —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∫—É —Ç—Ä–∏ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –∏ —Ç—Ä–∏ –±–∞—Ä–∂–∏. –í 1894 –≥–æ–¥—É –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª –±—É—Ö—Ç—É –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ –≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –µ–µ —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –Ω–µ –¥–æ–≤–µ–ª–∏ –¥–æ –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ–π –≥–ª—É–±–∏–Ω—ã. –ù–æ —Ç—è–∂–µ–ª–æ–µ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –º–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ, –£–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç —Å–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–ª–æ —Å–≤–æ—é –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –∏ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π—Ü–∞–º –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —É–≥–ª—É–±–ª—è—Ç—å –µ–µ –ø–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–µ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–µ–≤ –∏ –ë–∏—Ä–∂–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞. –ù–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã –∏ –±–∞—Ä–∂–∏ –Ω–µ —Å–ø–µ—à–∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ –æ—Å–µ–Ω–∏ –≤ –±—É—Ö—Ç—É: –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥ –∏–∑ –Ω–µ–µ –∑–∞–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª—Å—è –ø–µ—Å–∫–æ–º. –ò –≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π 1895 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ —Å–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –±–µ–¥–∞: –ª–µ–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–æ–º —Å–æ—Ä–≤–∞–ª–æ –∏ —É–Ω–µ—Å–ª–æ –≤ –í–æ–ª–≥—É –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –¥–≤–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏ –±–∞—Ä–∂, –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –≤ —É—Å—Ç—å–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–∏. –®–µ—Å—Ç—å –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –∑–∞—Ç–æ–Ω—É–ª–∏. –ë–∏—Ä–∂–µ–≤–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –µ—â–µ –≤ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä–µ 1893 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –º–µ–¥–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ç–µ–º–ø—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –ø–æ —É–≥–ª—É–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã. –†–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–∞ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –∞–≤–∞—Ä–∏–∏ —Å —Å—É–¥–∞–º–∏ –æ–Ω –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—É –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–Ω—É—é –¥–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥–Ω—É—é –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫—É —Å –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–æ–º –∏–Ω–∂–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞ –ò. –ò. –ö–æ–≤–∑–∞–Ω—å. –ù–æ —Ä–µ—á—å –≤ –Ω–µ–π —à–ª–∞ –Ω–µ –æ –∑–∞–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –Ω–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ, –∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –±–ª–∏–∑ —Ö–ª–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –∞–º–±–∞—Ä–æ–≤. –ù–æ–≤–∞—è —Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∫–∞ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤ –ø–ª–∞–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –ø—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–µ–π, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å—É–¥–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏, –Ω–æ –∏ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∏, –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω–∏, –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–∫–∏, –•–≤–∞–ª—ã–Ω—Å–∫–∞, –ë–∞–ª–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ. –ò–Ω–∂–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–ª –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –ò. –ò. –ö–æ–≤–∑–∞–Ω—è, –æ–¥–æ–±—Ä–∏–ª –µ–≥–æ. –¢–µ–º –¥–µ–ª–æ –∏ –æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å. –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ “–¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–µ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –≤ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–µ–æ—Ç–ª–æ–∂–Ω–æ–π –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å—é”.

–ê —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞—è –±—É—Ö—Ç–∞, –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±–µ–∑ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–∞, –∑–∞–∏–ª–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –æ—Ç —Å—Ç–æ–∫–∞ —É–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–æ–¥ –∏ –Ω–µ—á–∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ç, –æ–±–º–µ–ª–µ–ª–∞. –ò –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –ë–∏—Ä–∂–µ–≤–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç —Å—Ç–∞–ª —Å—Ç—É—á–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –¥–≤–µ—Ä–∏ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –í 1898 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ–¥–∞–ª –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥—É—é –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫—É, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–∏–µ –∏–¥–µ–∏. –ü—Ä–µ–¥–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, –≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ø—Ä–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ –æ–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞—é—â–µ–π –¥–∞–º–±–µ –≤–µ—Ç–∫—É –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏ –∏ –ø–æ–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤–∞–≥–æ–Ω—ã –ø—Ä—è–º–æ –∫ –±–∞—Ä–∂–∞–º. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, —Ä–µ—à–∞–ª—Å—è –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å —Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è “–≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–∏–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—É—Ç–∏ —Å –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—É—Ç—è–º–∏ –ø–æ —Ä. –í–æ–ª–≥–µ”, –∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª–∞—Å—å —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã–º —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –¥–∞–≤–∞—è –µ–º—É –≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥–Ω—É—é –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É –∏ –≤—ã–≥–æ–¥—É. –ü—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –∏–∑—ä—è–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –∏ –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏–¥—Ç–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É. –û–Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∏ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–µ –æ–±–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤, –∑–∏–º—É—é—â–∏—Ö –≤ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ: 1/4 –∫–æ–ø–µ–π–∫–∏ —Å –ø—É–¥–∞, —á—Ç–æ –≥–∞—Ä–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ –µ–∂–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –≤ —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–µ 50-65 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø–æ—à–ª–∏ –±—ã –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–≥–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∑–∞—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç. –ê —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–µ –∑–∞—Ç–µ—Ä—è–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –∫–æ—Ä–∏–¥–æ—Ä–∞—Ö –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –≤ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–æ–≤ –∏ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∏—é –∏–∑ –≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–≤: –ù. –ï. –ë–∞—à–∫–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞, –ü. –ò. –®–∏—Ö–æ–±–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞, –ù. –î. –ë–∞—Ç—é—à–∫–æ–≤–∞. –ü–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —É—Å–∏–ª–∏—è —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π —É–≤–µ–Ω—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–º. 30 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1898 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –¥–µ–ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–º–µ–Ω—Ç —à–æ—Å—Å–µ–π–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–π –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª –≤ –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç –¥–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥–Ω—É—é –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫—É “–û–± –∞—Å—Å–∏–≥–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –ø–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É —É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏ –¥–ª—è –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∫–∏ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤”.

–î–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥–Ω–∞—è –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∞ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ–µ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ–º–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–∞: —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –ø—É—Ç–µ–º —É–¥–ª–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –µ–µ –¥–∞–º–±—ã –≤–Ω–∏–∑ –ø–æ —Ä–µ–∫–µ –Ω–∞ 485 –ø–æ–≥–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–µ–π. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, “–≤—Å–µ –ø—Ä–∏–±—Ä–µ–∂–Ω—ã–µ –∞–º–±–∞—Ä—ã –∏ —ç–ª–µ–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –æ—Å—Ç–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ö –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã, –∞ –≤–µ—Ç–∫–∞ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏ —Å —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –æ—Ç–∫–æ—Å–∞–º–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥ –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã —Å –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã. –î–∞–ª–µ–µ –≤ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–µ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç—Å—è: “–¢–∞–∫ –∫–∞–∫ –≤ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∏–≤–∞–µ–º–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –¥–ª—è –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∫–∏ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ—á–µ—Ä–ø–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∞, —Ç–æ –≤ —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–æ–≤—ã–º –æ–±–æ—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã, –±—É–¥–µ—Ç —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–ª—è —Ä–µ–º–æ–Ω—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–µ–º–ª–µ—á–µ—Ä–ø–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∞. –û–± –æ–±—ä–µ–º–∞—Ö –ø–ª–∞–Ω–∏—Ä—É–µ–º—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å—É–¥–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∏–º —Ü–∏—Ñ—Ä–∞–º. –ù–∞–º–µ—á–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤—ã–Ω—É—Ç—å –≥—Ä—É–Ω—Ç–∞ –≤ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ 108237 –∫—É–±–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–µ–π, –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ—á–µ—Ä–ø–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –º–∞—à–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏, –∏ –ª–∏—à—å –Ω–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º —ç—Ç–∞–ø–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ 21691 –∫—É–±–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–µ–π –≤—Ä—É—á–Ω—É—é –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—Å—ã–ø–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –¥–∞–º–±—ã –∏ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∫–∏ –≤–¥–æ–ª—å –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã. –°—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –≤ 715000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –°—É–º–º–∞ –ø–æ —Ç–µ–º –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞–º, –Ω–µ—Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, –±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è. –ù–æ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä—ã –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏ —É–±–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω—ã, —á—Ç–æ –≤—Å–µ –∑–∞—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç—ã –æ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞—é—Ç —Å–µ–±—è. “–ï—Å–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç—å —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω—é—é —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –≤ 40000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –∞ —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–µ–π –±–∞—Ä–∂–∏ –≤ 10000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –∏ –¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ –ø–æ–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—Å—è, –∫–∞–∫ —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ, –¥–æ 85 –±–∞—Ä–∂ –∏ –¥–æ 50 –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤, —Ç–æ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤—è—â–∏–π—Å—è –Ω–∞ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∫—É –≤ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ —Ñ–ª–æ—Ç, –Ω–µ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—è —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥—Ä—É–∑–∞ –µ–≥–æ, —Å–∞–º –ø–æ —Å–µ–±–µ —É–∂–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –¥–æ 3 –º–ª–Ω. —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–∏—Ä—É–µ–º–æ–π –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏ –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç –µ–∂–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∏—Å–∫–∞ –∞–≤–∞—Ä–∏–π”.

–ü–æ–¥ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º —Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å—å —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–∞ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –ù. –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞. –õ–∏—à—å –≤ 1901 –≥–æ–¥—É –î—É–º–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª–∞ —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–± —É—Å—Ç—É–ø–∫–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏. 11 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1903 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∏–ª–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –¥—É–º–µ, —á—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –æ–¥–æ–±—Ä–µ–Ω –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–æ–º –£–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—É—Ç–µ–π –∏ —à–æ—Å—Å–µ–π–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥. –í–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å —Ç–µ–º, –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤—ã—Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–∞: –Ω–∞–ø–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π –º–æ—Å—Ç —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫—É —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ü–∏–∏, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Å—É–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –Ω–µ–≥–æ –±–µ—Å–ø—Ä–µ–ø—è—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, –∞ “—Å–∞–º–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –ø–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –Ω–µ —Ç–µ—Ä–ø–µ–ª–∞ —É—â–µ—Ä–±–∞ –æ—Ç –∑–∞–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ—á–µ—Ä–ø–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∞”. –ü—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–∞ —Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–µ–¥–ª–∏–≤–∞—è, –Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –Ω–µ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–º–∞—è. –ü–æ –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ–π –º–µ—Ä–µ –ª–µ—Ç —Ç—Ä–∏–¥—Ü–∞—Ç—å –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –¥—É–º–∞–ª–∏ –æ —Ç–æ–º, –∫–∞–∫ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫—É —Å—Ç–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–π –º–æ—Å—Ç. –ù–µ–º–∞–ª–æ –≤—ã–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∫—Ç–æ–≤, –Ω–æ –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª –æ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–ª–µ–Ω –∏–∑-–∑–∞ –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤. –†–∞–Ω—å—à–µ –º–æ—Å—Ç –∑–∞–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª –¥–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø —Å—É–¥–æ–≤ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫—É –≤ –¥–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–æ—á—å—é. –ù–∞ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∫—Ä—ã–ª –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥—É —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã. –ù–æ 12 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1905 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ –∏–Ω–∏—Ü–∏–∞—Ç–∏–≤–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–æ-–ó–ª–∞—Ç–æ—É—Å—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏ –ê. –ò. –°–∏–Ω—Ü–æ–≤–∞, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –í–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, “–ú–∞–∑—É—Ç” –∏ –¢–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ “–ë—Ä. –ù–æ–±–µ–ª—å” —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –±–∏—Ä–∂–µ –∏ –æ–±—Å—É–¥–∏–ª–∏ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫—à–∏–µ —Å–ª–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞–ª–∫–µ –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç–µ–ø—Ä–æ–¥—É–∫—Ç–æ–≤ —Å –≤–æ–¥—ã –Ω–∞ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω—É—é –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥—É.

–û–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ –¥—É–º–µ –∑–∞ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å 15 –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç–µ–±–∞—Ä–∂ –Ω–∞ –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∫—É –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–µ. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç—è–Ω–æ–π –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –≤ –ü–æ–¥–∂–∞–±–Ω–æ–º, –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏–¥–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–æ–∑–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –ª–æ—à–∞–¥—è—Ö, —á—Ç–æ –æ–±–æ–π–¥–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ 75 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –∫—É–ø–µ—Ü –∏ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª–µ—Ü –Ø. –ú. –ë—É–∑–∏–Ω, –∫—É–ø–µ—Ü –ê. –ò. –ì–∞–ª—É–Ω–æ–≤ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–µ –Ω–µ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞–∂–∞–ª–∏. –ù–æ –≤–æ—Ç –±–µ–¥–∞: –º–∞–ª–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–∞, –Ω–µ –¥–∞–π –±–æ–≥ – –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä. –†–µ—à–∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –æ—Ç –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏, –±–∏—Ä–∂–∏, –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç–µ–ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±—É –≤ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–æ–≤, –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –¥–µ–ª –∏ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º—É –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏ –ì–∞–ª–∫–∏–Ω—É – –í—Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–æ–º—É –æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –ø–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –≤ —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–µ–º –≥–æ–¥—É. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–º—É—Ç–Ω—ã–µ. –¢–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —á—Ç–æ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–µ–Ω–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ-—è–ø–æ–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è –≤–æ–π–Ω–∞, —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –±—Ä–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–¥—É—Ç –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –ö–∞–∫–∞—è —Ç—É—Ç –±—É—Ö—Ç–∞? –ü—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞, –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç–µ–ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –Ω–∞—à–ª–∏ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥: –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª–∏ –æ—Ç –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –∫ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏ –ø—è—Ç–∏–∫–∏–ª–æ–º–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤—ã–π —Ç—Ä—É–±–æ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥, –∏ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –∫–∞—á–∞—Ç—å –ø–æ –Ω–µ–º—É –Ω–µ—Ñ—Ç—å, –∫–µ—Ä–æ—Å–∏–Ω –≤ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω—ã–µ —Ü–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω—ã. –í–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ, –≤ —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å —ç—Ç–∏–º –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –°–µ–Ω–∞—Ç –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–∏–ª –∏–∑ —Å–º–µ—Ç—ã —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—É—Ç–µ–π –∏ —à–æ—Å—Å–µ–π–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥ –Ω–∞ 1906 –≥–æ–¥ 100 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–ª—è —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã. –°–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–æ –æ–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –±—ã–ª–æ –≤ —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª–µ, –Ω–æ —É–∂–µ –≤ –∞–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç–µ —Å–∏—Ç—É–∞—Ü–∏—è —Ä–µ–∑–∫–æ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∞—Å—å.

29 –∏—é–ª—è –∏–∑ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞ –Ω–∞ –∏–º—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–æ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏—Å–ø—Ä–∞—à–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ–∫—É—â–∏–π –≥–æ–¥ 350 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –¥–ª—è “—É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –í—ã–ø–æ–ª–∑–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞–ª–∞”. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, –¥–∞–≤–∞—è –ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –ø–æ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ–º–æ—â–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–µ–º—É –æ—Ç –Ω–µ—É—Ä–æ–∂–∞—è –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –Ω–∞–º–µ—á–µ–Ω–æ –≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –í—ã–ø–æ–ª–∑–æ–≤–æ, –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫ –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª –≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–º –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –æ–±—Å—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥—É–º—ã —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å—ã: –û–± –æ—Ç–≤–æ–¥–µ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –ø–æ–¥ –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω—å, —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–æ–≤ –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫—É –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –±–∞—Ä–∞–∫–æ–≤ –¥–ª—è —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏—Ö; –û –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è—Ö –æ—Ç–≤–æ–¥–∞ –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞ –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö-–ª–∏–±–æ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π –¥–ª—è —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏—Ö, —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥–∞ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞, –∫–æ–Ω—Ç–æ—Ä—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –∏ —Ç.–ø. –ü–æ –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—é —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–∞ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ–Ω –∏–∑–≤–µ—â–∞–ª —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ “–æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –æ–±–µ–∏—Ö –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∞—è –∂–µ, –∫–∞–∫–∞—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ö 1902-1903 –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤. –¢.–µ. –¥–ª—è –æ–±—â–µ–≥–æ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç —É—á—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω –ö–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç, –≤ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–π–¥—É—Ç –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –û–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞ –ü—É—Ç–µ–π –°–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è, –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –£–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, –ë–∏—Ä–∂–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ö–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞, –ì—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ó–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ö–æ–Ω—Ç—Ä–æ–ª—è –∏ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏ (—Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –∫ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏). –î–ª—è –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∂–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –±—É–¥–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–π –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å –∏—Ö”.

–ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –¥—É–º–∞ –Ω–∞ –∑–∞—Å–µ–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ 6-11 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏ –æ—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –ø–æ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—é –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏ –Ω–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ –∏ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –≤ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ –í—ã–ø–æ–ª–∑–æ–≤–æ —á–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—ã –î. –ö. –ú—è—Å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ü. –§. –®–∏—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞. 17 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è –Ω–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã. –ì–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π –ü. –§. –®–∏—à–∫–∏–Ω –¥–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª –¥—É–º–µ, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–µ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 300 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –µ–¥–≤–∞ –ª–∏ –Ω–µ —á–µ—Ç–≤–µ—Ä—Ç–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –æ—Ç–ø—É—â–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–Ω–µ–≥ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. “–û–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã, – —Ä–µ–∑—é–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π –ï. –¢. –ö–æ–∂–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, – —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω—ã –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã –Ω–µ –¥–ª—è –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –±–µ–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –±–µ–¥–Ω—è–∫–æ–≤, –∞ –¥–ª—è —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Ç–∞–∫—É—é –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫—É—é —Å—É–º–º—É”. –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–µ, –≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ü. –ü. –ü–æ–¥–±–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–π, —Ä–∞—Å—Ü–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ–¥–æ–±–Ω–æ–µ —è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–∞–∫ –∏–∑–¥–µ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∏ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∫–µ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä—É –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –¥–µ–ª —Ç–µ–ª–µ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è: “–ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –¥—É–º–∞, –≤—ã—Å–ª—É—à–∞–≤ –∑–∞—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ü. –§. –®–∏—à–∫–∏–Ω–∞, –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –î—É–º–æ—é –≤ –ö–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç –ø–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–º, —Å—Ç—Ä–æ—è—â–µ–π—Å—è –≤ –≥. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –∫ 1 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è –±—ã–ª–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏—Ö –¥–æ 270 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –ø—Ä–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∞—Ö –Ω–∞ –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—é 2155 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –≤ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü, –∫—Ä–æ–º–µ –∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ü—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è, –ó–∞–≤–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ –∏ –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–º–æ—â–Ω–∏–∫–∞, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∫–æ–≤ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –±—É–º–∞–≥–∞—Ö –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –∞ –±–µ–∑—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω–µ —Å–æ–≤—Å–µ–º –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—Ç—Å—è, – –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏—Ç—å –í–∞—à–µ –í—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–ø—Ä–µ–≤–æ—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª—å–Ω—É—é –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫—É –¥–µ–ª–∞ –∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –ö–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞, —É–Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ–∂–∞—é—â–µ–µ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –Ω–æ –∏ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã”.

–¢–∞–∫–æ–π –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π –¥—É–º—Ü–µ–≤ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–≤–æ–∂–∏–ª –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ê. –°. –ë—Ä—è–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞. –û–Ω –ø–æ–±—ã–≤–∞–ª –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –∏ –Ω–µ —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–∏–ª—Å—è —Å –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ –¥—É–º—ã. –°–æ–æ–±—â–∏–ª, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–º –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–æ 1600 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫. –ö 5 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è –∑–∞—Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ 400 –ø–æ–¥–≤–æ–¥ –¥–ª—è –ø–æ–¥–≤–æ–∑–∫–∏ –∫–∞–º–Ω—è. –ù–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—é—Ç –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–µ –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –°—Ç–∞–≤—Ä–æ–ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–æ–≤. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π –ü. –§. –®–∏—à–∫–∏–Ω —Å—É–º–µ–ª –¥–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ—Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –¥–æ–≤–æ–¥–æ–≤ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞. –í —á–∏—Å–ª–æ 445 —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏—Ö, –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—ã—Ö —è–∫–æ–±—ã –Ω–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ –∫ 1 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è, –≤–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω—ã 180 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—é—â–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ –ë–∞—Ä–±–∞—à–∏–Ω–æ–π –ü–æ–ª—è–Ω–µ. –ò —á—Ç–æ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—É —Ç–µ–ª–µ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã. –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –¥—É–º–∞ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏–ª–∞ –ü. –§. –®–∏—à–∫–∏–Ω—É –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –ø–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ –¥–∞–ª—å—à–µ –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –æ —Ö–æ–¥–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç. 14 –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ –¥—É–º–∞ –∑–∞—Å–ª—É—à–∞–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–æ–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ê –±—ã–ª–æ –æ–Ω–æ –Ω–µ—É—Ç–µ—à–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º. –î–æ 1 —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1907 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –¥–µ–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ —à–ª–∏ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –Ω–æ—Ä–º–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ. –ù–æ –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è –µ–µ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∞ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏–∑ –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞ —Å—Ä–æ—á–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞—Ç—å —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –ø–æ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–∑–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞. –¢—É–¥–∞ —É–∂–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–Ω—ã –æ–ø—ã—Ç–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–µ —Å —Ç–∞—á–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º. –ö–∞–º–µ–Ω—å, –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –¥–ª—è –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã, —É–≤–æ–∑—è—Ç —Å –ë–∞—Ä–±–∞—à–∏–Ω–æ–π –ü–æ–ª—è–Ω—ã –≤ –í—ã–ø–æ–ª–∑–æ–≤–æ. –ê —ç—Ç–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ –≤–µ—Å–Ω–µ –¥–∞–º–±—É –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–º—ã—Ç—å. –í –∑–Ω–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –ü. –§. –®–∏—à–∫–∏–Ω –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å –ë–∏—Ä–∂–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç –∫–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ – –ª–∏–±–æ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—è –≤ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ö –ø–æ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –≤ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–µ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –í—ã–ø–æ–ª–∑–æ–≤–æ.

–°—É–¥—è –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–º—É, –≤–µ—Å–Ω–∞ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω–æ–π –¥–ª—è –∑–∞–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –Ω–∞ –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ. –ï–µ –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑–º—ã–ª–æ –∏ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –±–µ—Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–∏–ª–æ —É–∂–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–µ: “–±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä—è —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω—É —Ä–µ–∫–∏, —Ä–µ–∫–∞, –≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ, –ø—Ä–æ—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Å–µ–±–µ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–µ —Ä—É—Å–ª–æ”, —á—Ç–æ –≥—Ä–æ–∑–∏–ª–æ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ª–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞. –í –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–æ—à–ª–æ —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –¥—É–º–∞ –±–æ—è–ª–∞—Å—å –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ. –ü—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –ò. –ò. –ö–æ–≤–∑–∞–Ω—å –∏–Ω—Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª –æ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏–º —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è “–æ–± –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ª–∏–∫–≤–∏–¥–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –≤ –ë—É—Ö—Ç–µ –∏ –í—ã–ø–æ–ª–∑–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞”. –†–µ—à–∏–ª–∏ —Å–æ–≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ —Å –ë–∏—Ä–∂–µ–≤—ã–º –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏—Ç—å –æ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç. –í 1914 –≥–æ–¥—É —É–≤–∏–¥–µ–ª —Å–≤–µ—Ç “–Æ–±–∏–ª–µ–π–Ω—ã–π —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫ –æ—á–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –±–∏—Ä–∂–µ–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å 1893 –ø–æ 1913 –≥–æ–¥—ã”. –ï–≥–æ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä—ã –Ω–µ –±–µ–∑ –∏—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–µ—á–∏ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∏: “–°—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ –º–æ–≥—É—Ç –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å 25-–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–π —é–±–∏–ª–µ–π —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, —Ü–µ–ª–æ–µ –ø–æ–∫–æ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —É—Å–ø–µ–ª–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∏—Ç—å—Å—è, –ø–æ–∫–∞ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –ø–æ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–π –∏ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –ë—É—Ö—Ç—ã –Ω–∞ —Ä. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–µ –ø—Ä–∏–±–ª–∏–∑–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü—É, –∏ –ø–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–∞—Å—å —É–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ, –±—ã—Ç—å –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç, –≤ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ –¥–∞–º–±–∞–º –±—É–¥—É—Ç —Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ–µ–∑–¥–∞, —Å–≤—è–∑—ã–≤–∞—è —Å–æ–±–æ–π –¥–≤–∞ –≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∞–π—à–∏—Ö –ø—É—Ç–∏ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ – –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π –∏ —Å–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π”.
–ü–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è –º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—è –≤–æ–π–Ω–∞, –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ –∂–µ, —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ–º–ø–∞—Ö –∑–∞–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤—Å–µ—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –±—É—Ö—Ç–∞—Ö. –ù–æ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞–ª–∏—Å—å. –°—É–¥—è –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–º—É, –≤–µ—Ç–∫–∞ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∞ –≤ 1914 –≥–æ–¥—É. –ù–æ–≤—É—é –±—É—Ö—Ç—É, –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –æ—Ç–¥–∞–ª–∏ –≤ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∏–±–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –æ–Ω–∞ –∫–∞–∑–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π, –≤ –Ω–µ–π –∑–∏–º–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ—á–µ—Ä–ø–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –º–∞—à–∏–Ω—ã “–í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∞—è-18″, “–í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∞—è-28″, “–ö–∞–º—Å–∫–∞—è-4″, –ø—É—Ç–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—ã “–ú–µ–∂–µ–Ω—å”, “–°—Ç—Ä–µ–∂–µ–Ω—å”, “–°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–π”, “–ï–ª–∞–±—É–≥–∞”. –ù–∞ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∫–∞—Ä–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∫–∞ –∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞ –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è. –í —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç–µ –æ–±–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–∞—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ “–ö–∞–≤–∫–∞–∑ –∏ –ú–µ—Ä–∫—É—Ä–∏–π”, “–°–∞–º–æ–ª–µ—Ç”. –î–ª—è —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ç–æ—Ä –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª–∏ –¥–≤–∞ –¥–≤—É—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ –æ–±–µ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã —Å–ø—É—Å–∫–∞ –°–∞–¥–æ–≤–æ–π —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã. –ë—É—Ö—Ç—ã –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∏ —Ç–µ–ª–µ—Ñ–æ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Å–≤—è–∑—å —Å –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–º. –°—Ç–∞—Ä–∞—è –±—É—Ö—Ç–∞ –≤ 1914 –≥–æ–¥—É –∏–º–µ–ª–∞ –Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä 8-81, –∞ –∫–∞–∑–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è 7-75. –í–æ–∑–ª–µ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –±—É—Ö—Ç—ã –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—Ü–∏—é “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ -–•–ª–µ–±–Ω–∞—è”, –∞ –≤ 1916 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–∏ –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å–ª–æ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —ç–ª–µ–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–∑ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –ò –≤–µ—Å—å –∫–æ–º–ø–ª–µ–∫—Å –≥–∏–¥—Ä–æ—Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –∂–µ–ª–µ–∑–Ω–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤ —É—Å—Ç—å–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ–ª –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤–∏–¥.

–ü–æ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–∞–º –í. –ù. –ö–∞–∑–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–∞

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. –ò–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω—ã–µ —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—ã –æ –¥–æ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —á–∞–π–Ω—ã—Ö
2. –í–Ω—É—á–∫–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—É–∫–∏ –ê. –í. –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∞
3. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –†—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –ü—Ä–∞–≤–¥—ã
4. –ü—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—ã –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –¥–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ 20 –≤–µ–∫–∞
5. Жизнь и быт российских пожарных в 19 – начале 20 века