–° —á–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞

“–ü–∏—à–µ—Ç, –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—å, –£—Ä—É—Å-–∫–Ω—è–∑—å –Ω–æ–≥–∞–π—Å–∫–∏–π, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Ç–≤–æ–∏–º –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤—ã–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º –Ω–∞ –£—Ñ–µ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –Ω–µ –±—ã—Ç–∏”. –¢–∞–∫ –≤ —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ 1586 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Ü–∞—Ä—é –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä—É –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∞ –õ–æ–±–∞–Ω–æ–≤-–†–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π. –≠—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–∞, –Ω–æ –æ–Ω –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ –∏ –±–µ—Å—Å–ø–æ—Ä–Ω–æ —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç, —á—Ç–æ “–≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥” –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ —Å–≤–æ—é –≥—Ä–∞–¥–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª –≤ 1586 –≥–æ–¥—É. –í —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–∞ –º—ã—Å–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–≥–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞ —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, –≤ –¥–≤—É—Ö –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–∞—Ö –æ—Ç –í–æ–ª–≥–∏, –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∞ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–∫”. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ, –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, –≤ –≤–∏–¥–µ –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—ã –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö-—Ç–æ –∂–∏–ª–∏—â, —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º –ª—é–¥—è–º –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤–∏–∏ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞ –¥–æ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ. –í –¥–∞–ª–µ–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –º—ã—Å–æ–º –º–µ–∂–¥—É—Ä–µ—á—å—è –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã —Ç–∞–∫ –∂–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ, –ª–µ–∂–∞–ª–∞ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–∞—è –ª–µ—Å–∏—Å—Ç–∞—è –ø–æ–π–º–∞ —Å —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ —É—Ä–æ—á–∏—â–µ”. –ü–æ –µ–≥–æ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏–º –Ω–µ –∑–∞—Ç–æ–ø–ª—è–µ–º—ã–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞–º –∏–∑–¥–∞–≤–Ω–∞ –∂–∏–ª–∏ –æ—Ç–≤–∞–∂–Ω—ã–µ –∏ —Å–º–µ–ª—ã–µ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏. –û–Ω–∏ –ª–æ–≤–∏–ª–∏ —Ä—ã–±—É, –±–æ—Ä—Ç–Ω–∏—á–∞–ª–∏, –±–∏–ª–∏ –¥–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–≤–µ—Ä—è –∏ –≤ –±—É—Ä–ª–∞—Ü–∫–∏—Ö –ª—è–º–∫–∞—Ö —Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ –±–µ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–æ–≤ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏. –ñ–∏–ª–∏ –ª—é–¥–∏ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–º, –≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ. –û–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –∑–Ω–∞–ª–∏ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∞—è –†—É—Å—å –∏ –µ–µ —Ü–∞—Ä—å –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä. –í –¥–∞–ª–µ–∫–æ–µ –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—Å –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤ “–ü–∏—Å–∫–∞—Ä–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º –ª–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å—Ü–µ” –ø–æ–¥ 1584 –≥–æ–¥–æ–º –Ω–µ–∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–¢–æ–≥–æ –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥—É –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–π –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—å –∏ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–π –∫–Ω—è–∑—å –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –≤—Å–µ–∞ –†—É—Å–∏… –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –±–æ—è—Ä–∏–Ω—É —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É –∏ —Å–ª—É–≥–µ –∏ –∫–æ–Ω—é—à–µ–º—É –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å—É –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á—É –ì–æ–¥—É–Ω–æ–≤—É –¥–∞ –¥—å—è–∫—É –±–ª–∏–∂–Ω–µ–º—É —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ—é –©–µ–ª–∫–∞–Ω–æ–≤—É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—ã —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –ü–æ–ª–µ –∏ –≤ —Å–∏–≤–µ—Ä–µ, –∏ –∫ –ê—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—è –∑–∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ—Ç –∑–∞–ø—É—Å—Ç–µ—à–∞ –æ—Ç –±–µ–∑–±–æ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –∞–≥–æ—Ä—è–Ω –∏ –æ—Ç –º–µ–∂–¥—É—É—Å–æ–±–Ω—ã—è –±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏: –ï–ª–µ—Ü–∫–∏—Ö –∫–Ω—è–∑–µ–π –≤–æ—Ç—á–∏–Ω–∞ –õ–∏–≤–Ω—ã, –ö–æ–π—Å–∞, –û—Å–∫–æ–ª, –í–∞–ª—É–π–∫–∞, –ë–µ–ª–≥–∞—Ä–∏—è, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞, –ö—Ä–æ–º—ã, –ú–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä–µ–≤ –∏ –∏–Ω—ã—è –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—è –ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—è –∏ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—è”.

–¢–∞–∫, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞, —Ä–∞–∑–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –∞–≥–æ—Ä—è–Ω–∞–º–∏, –±—ã–ª–∞ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –†—É—Å–∏ –¥–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–∫. –ü–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞—é—Ç —ç—Ç–æ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã. –ë–æ–ª–µ–µ —á–µ–º –∑–∞ –¥–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –ª–µ—Ç –¥–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞ –≤ –ö—Ä—ã–º—É –ø–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º –ê–∑–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ—Ä—è –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –≤–µ–ª–∏ –æ–∂–∏–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª—é –∏—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã. –î–≤–æ–µ –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö – –≤–µ–Ω–µ—Ü–∏–∞–Ω—Ü—ã –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å—è –§—Ä–∞–Ω—á–µ—Å–∫–æ –∏ –î–æ–º–µ–Ω–∏–∫–æ –ü–∏—Ü–∏–≥–∞–Ω–æ – –≤ 1367 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–ª–∞–Ω – –≥–ª–∞–∑–æ–º–µ—Ä–Ω—É—é –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é —Å—Ö–µ–º—É –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—É—Ç–µ–π –∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –Ω–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–µ–π. –ù–∞ –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–ª–∞–Ω–µ –ø–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º –í–æ–ª–≥–∏, –∫—Ä–æ–º–µ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤, –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å—è –ü–∏—Ü–∏–≥–∞–Ω–æ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏ —Ä—è–¥ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç –∏ –≥–µ–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ–≤, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –∏ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ-–ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—å Samar. –î–æ –Ω–∞—à–∏—Ö –¥–Ω–µ–π –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–æ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥—É—é –∫–∞—Ä—Ç—É, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –≤ 1459 –≥–æ–¥—É –∏—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –∫–æ—Å–º–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–æ–º –§—Ä–∞-–ú–∞—É—Ä–æ. –ù–∞ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–ª–∞–Ω–µ, —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä. –í–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ –ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç–Ω–æ, —ç—Ç–æ –¥–∞–ª–µ–∫–æ–µ –∏ –∑–∞–≥–∞–¥–æ—á–Ω–æ–µ –≤ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ 14-15 –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤ –ø–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—é –∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é –≤ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –¥–ª—è –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –ö–∞–∫–∏–µ-–ª–∏–±–æ –ø–æ—è—Å–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫ –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–ª–∞–Ω—É –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –ü–∏—Ü–∏–≥–∞–Ω–æ –∏ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–µ –§—Ä–∞-–ú–∞—É—Ä–æ –Ω–µ–∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã. –ù–µ—Ç –∫–æ–Ω–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏ –æ –∫–∞–∫–æ–π-–ª–∏–±–æ –≥—Ä–∞–¥–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è-–ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä —Å –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–æ–º. –ù–µ—Ç –ø—Ä—è–º—ã—Ö –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –æ —ç—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ö—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∏? –¢–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—ã, —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ, –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–µ –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä—ã, –º–æ—Ä–¥–≤–∞ –∏–ª–∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥—ã –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è? –ö —Å–æ–∂–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, —ç—Ç–∏ –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å—ã –≤ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –∫—Ä–∞–µ–≤–µ–¥—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–µ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ—é—Ç –æ—Ç—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è.

–ü–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–æ–º –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å—å –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä —ç—Ç–Ω–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è –≤—ã–≥–ª—è–¥–µ–ª–∞ —Ç–∞–∫: —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —É—Å—Ç—å–µ–º —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –û–∫–∏, –≤ –Ω–∏–∑–æ–≤—å—è—Ö –ö–∞–º—ã –∂–∏–ª–∏ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–µ –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä—ã, –∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤—É—é, –≥–æ—Ä–Ω—É—é —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—É –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª—è–ª–∏ –º–æ—Ä–¥–≤–∞ –∏ –±—É—Ä—Ç–∞—Å—ã. –í —Å—Ç–µ–ø—è—Ö –ù–∏–∂–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è –±—ã–ª–∏ –∫–æ—á–µ–≤—å—è –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤—Ü–µ–≤ (–∫—ã–ø—á–∞–∫–æ–≤). –í –ó–∞–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ –ª–µ–∂–∞–ª–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª—è, –¥–ª—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π “–Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞–µ–º–∞—è”, –≥–¥–µ, –≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ, –æ–±–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–æ–∑–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞ –∫–æ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–≤—à–∏–µ —Å–æ–±–æ–π —ç—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ü–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∂–µ –µ—â–µ —Å–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω —Ö–∞–∑–∞—Ä –ø–ª–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—É–¥–∞, –∞ –ø–æ –µ–µ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∂–∏–ª–∏ –∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏, –æ —á–µ–º —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏–π –∞—Ä–∞–±—Å–∫–∏–π –∏—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫ – “–ü—É—Ç–µ—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –ò–±–Ω-–§–∞–¥–ª–∞–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥—É”. –ò–±–Ω-–§–∞–¥–ª–∞–Ω, —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä—å –ø–æ—Å–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –±–∞–≥–¥–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ö–∞–ª–∏—Ñ–∞ –ú—É–∫—Ç–∞–¥–∏—Ä–∞ –∫ –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º—É —Ü–∞—Ä—é –ê–ª–º—É—à—É, –≤ 922 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø–æ—Å–µ—Ç–∏–ª –í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫—É—é –ë—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä–∏—é –∏ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ —è—Ä–∫–æ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏ –∏ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ —Ä—É—Å–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ. –í —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞—Ö –æ–Ω –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ç–∏–ª: “–û–Ω–∏ (—Ä—É—Å—ã) –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç –∏–∑ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∞–ª–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç —Å–≤–æ–∏ –∫–æ—Ä–∞–±–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –ê—Ç–∏–ª–µ, –∞ —ç—Ç–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è (—Ä–µ–∫–∞), –∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ—è—Ç –Ω–∞ –µ–µ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ –¥–æ–º–∞ –∏–∑ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–∞, –∏ —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è (–∏—Ö) –≤ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º (—Ç–∞–∫–æ–º) –¥–æ–º–µ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç—å –∏ (–∏–ª–∏) –¥–≤–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç—å, – –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ –∏ (–∏–ª–∏) –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –∏ —É –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–≥–æ (–∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö) —Å–∫–∞–º—å—è, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –æ–Ω —Å–∏–¥–∏—Ç, –∏ —Å –Ω–∏–º (—Å–∏–¥—è—Ç) –¥–µ–≤—É—à–∫–∏ – –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–≥ –¥–ª—è –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–≤”. –ß—Ç–æ —Å–æ–±–æ–π –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ “–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ –¥–æ–º–∞” —Ä—É—Å–æ–≤, –∫–æ–Ω–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–Ω–æ —Å—É–¥–∏—Ç—å —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–æ. –ë—ã–ª–∏ –ª–∏ —ç—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –≤–∏–¥–µ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–π –∏–ª–∏ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏ –Ω–∞ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–∞–≤–∏–≥–∞—Ü–∏–∏ – –Ω–µ–∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ.

–û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–º–µ—Ç–æ–≤ —Å–ª–∞–≤—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—Ö–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–∞–π–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ 1949-1953 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –ø—Ä–∏ –∞—Ä—Ö–µ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–ø–∫–∞—Ö –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –±—ã–≤—à–µ–π –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—ã –∏ –≤ –µ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ, –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç, —á—Ç–æ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –∏–º–µ–ª–∏ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç–µ—Å–Ω—ã–µ —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã–µ —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å –í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –ë—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä–∏–µ–π, –Ω–æ –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ –∂–∏–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∫ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–µ –ë—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä—ã, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –≤ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–º–µ—Å—Ç—å–µ –ê–≥–∏-–ë–∞–∑–∞—Ä–µ (–≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ —Ç–æ—Ä–∂–∏—â–µ –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ). –ó–∞—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ò–±–Ω-–§–∞–¥–ª–∞–Ω–æ–º —Ä–∏—Ç—É–∞–ª –ø–æ—Ö–æ—Ä–æ–Ω –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä—É—Å–∞. –°—É–¥—è –ø–æ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏—é, –ò–±–Ω-–§–∞–¥–ª–∞–Ω –±—ã–ª –æ—á–µ–≤–∏–¥—Ü–µ–º —Ç–∞–∫ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ –∏–º –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —è–∑—ã—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä—è–¥–∞ —Å–æ–∂–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç—Ä—É–ø–∞, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ—Å—è –≥–¥–µ-—Ç–æ –≤ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ä—É—Å–æ–≤. –ü–æ—Ö–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã —Ä—É—Å–∞ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∏ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–Ω–∞ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ì. –ò. –°–µ–º–∏—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, —ç–∫—Å–ø–æ–Ω–∏—Ä—É–µ–º–∞—è –≤ –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –º—É–∑–µ–µ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—ã. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ –∑–∞–¥–æ–ª–≥–æ –¥–æ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å—å –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ 13 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ë—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è –∏ –†—É—Å–∏ –ø–æ–¥–≤–µ—Ä–≥–ª–∏—Å—å –æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–æ—à–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É –æ–≥—Ä–∞–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –∏ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∞—Ä–º–∏–µ–π —Ö–∞–Ω–∞ –ë–∞—Ç—ã—è. –ü–æ–∫–æ—Ä–∏–≤ –†—É—Å—å, –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—ã —É—à–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ —é–≥, –≥–¥–µ –æ—Ç –î–Ω–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –¥–æ –ê—Ä–∞–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ—Ä—è –∑–∞–Ω—è–ª–∏ —á–µ—Ä–Ω–æ-–º–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ-–∞–∑–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞—Å–ø–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏. –û–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç—É—é –û—Ä–¥—É, –∞ –Ω–∞ –ù–∏–∂–Ω–µ–π –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –µ–µ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—É –°–∞—Ä–∞–π-–ë–∞—Ç—É.

–û—Ç —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü—ã –ë–∞—Ç—ã—è –ø–æ –±–µ—Å–∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–∏–º –∞–∑–æ–≤–æ-—á–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–º–æ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º –∏ –ø–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–º —Å—Ç–µ–ø—è–º –¥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –£–≤–µ–∫–∞ (–£–∫–µ–∫–∞) —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–æ—Ä–¥—ã–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ —É–ª—É—Å—ã. –£–∫–µ–∫ –±—ã–ª —Ç–∞–º–æ–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–º –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –û—Ä–¥—ã, –æ —á–µ–º –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç –∏ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –£–≤–µ–∫ – “–±–∞—à–Ω—è”, –£–∑–ª—ç–≥ – “–æ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä”. –ù—ã–Ω–µ —É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤–∞ –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏–π –£–∫–µ–∫ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–µ–Ω –≤ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–µ —Ç–æ–ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞ –£–≤–µ–∫. –í 1263 –≥–æ–¥—É –ø—Ä–æ–µ–∑–¥–æ–º –∏–∑ –ë—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –≤ –£–∫–µ–∫–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∏—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø—É—Ç–µ—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å—è –ü–æ–ª–æ. –ê –Ω–∞ —Ä—É–±–µ–∂–µ 13-14 –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–∞—è —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –∏—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫—É–ø—Ü–æ–≤. –î–∞–ª–µ–µ –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä, –æ—Ç –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö —É–ª—É—Å–æ–≤ –¥–æ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å, –ª–µ–∂–∞–ª–∞ –±–µ–∑–ª—é–¥–Ω–∞—è –∏ –Ω–µ–∫–æ–Ω—Ç—Ä–æ–ª–∏—Ä—É–µ–º–∞—è –ø–æ–ª–æ—Å–∞ —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º–æ–≥–æ –î–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—è. –ï–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫–µ –æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ – –æ—Ç –î–µ–≤—å–∏—Ö (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ –ñ–∏–≥—É–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö) –≥–æ—Ä –¥–æ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤–∞. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å, –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ, –∫–∞–∫ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç “–ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è”, –≤ –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±—ã–ª–∏ “–¥–∏–∫–∏–µ –≤–æ–¥—ã”, –≥–¥–µ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª—è–ª–∏ –∂–∏–≤—à–∏–µ –ø–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º —Ä–µ–∫–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ä—ã–±–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã. –°–ª–æ–∂–∏–≤—à–∞—è—Å—è –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏–∫–æ-–≥–µ–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –æ–±—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∞ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–ª–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–∂–∏–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –∏ —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –Ω–æ –∏ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–ª–∞ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è –¥–ª—è —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–∏–π–Ω–æ–π –º–∏–≥—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –Ω–∞ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω—é—é –í–æ–ª–≥—É – –≤ –±–µ–∑–≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—É—é –∑–æ–Ω—É –î–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—è. –û—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–æ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–Ω–æ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–æ—Ä–¥—ã–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Ö–∞–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –∫–Ω—è–∑—å—è–º–∏ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤–∑–∞–∏–º–æ–≤—ã–≥–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –≤ –≥–æ–¥—ã –∫–Ω—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–Ω—è–∑—è –ò–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –ö–∞–ª–∏—Ç—ã –¥–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –∫–Ω—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –µ–≥–æ –≤–Ω—É–∫–∞ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏—è –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ (–î–æ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ).

–í —Ç–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã, –∫–∞–∫ –æ—Ç–º–µ—Ç–∏–ª –ª–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å–µ—Ü, “–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–∞ —Ç–∏—à–∏–Ω–∞ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∞—è –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –†—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –∑–µ–º–ª–µ –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ —Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—ã –≤–æ–µ–≤–∞—Ç—å –µ–µ”. –¢–∞–∫–∏–µ –≤–∑–∞–∏–º–æ–æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–Ω—è–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤ —Å –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –û—Ä–¥–æ–π –æ–±—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏ –æ–±–µ–∏—Ö —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω. –ë–æ—Ä—å–±–∞ —Å –∫–∞—Ç–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–æ–º –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–Ω—è–∑–µ–π –ª—é–±—ã–º–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏ –¥–æ–±–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –Ω–∞ —é–∂–Ω–æ–π –∏ —é–≥–æ-–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–π –æ–∫—Ä–∞–∏–Ω–∞—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å. –û–±–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–π –º–µ–∂–¥—É –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–æ–≤–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∫–æ–π –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤ (–ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫–æ—Ä—É–º) –∏ –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–æ—Ä–¥—ã–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Ö–∞–Ω–∞–º–∏ –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö –∑–∞–±–æ—Ç–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –æ –ø—Ä–æ—á–Ω–æ–º —Ç—ã–ª–µ –∏ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–Ω–æ–π –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –±–∞–∑–µ, –∫–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ–π –±—ã–ª–∞ –†—É—Å—å. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –µ—â–µ –≤ –≥–æ–¥—ã –ë–∞—Ç—ã—è, –µ–≥–æ —Å—ã–Ω–∞ –°–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–∫–∞ –∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–Ω—è–∑—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –ù–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –û—Ä–¥–æ–π –∏ –†—É—Å—å—é —Å–ª–æ–∂–∏–≤—à–∏–µ—Å—è –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –±—ã–ª–∏ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å–æ—é–∑–Ω—ã–µ, —á–µ–º –Ω–∞ –≤–∞—Å—Å–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ. –†—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–Ω—è–∑—å—è –∏ –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ö–∞–Ω—ã, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ, –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª–∏ –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–∏–ª–∞–º–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –¥–≤–æ–π–Ω–∞—è —Ç—è–∂–µ—Å—Ç—å –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –∫–Ω—è–∂–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–æ–±–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–∞–ª–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π —É—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –î–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—è, –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –±–µ–≥–ª—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –∑–∞—Ç–∞–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∏–∑–±—ã, —á–∞—â–µ –∑–µ–º–ª—è–Ω–∫–∏ –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ “–±–µ—Å—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—à–Ω—ã–µ” –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏. –í —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª—è–ª–∏ –æ—Ö–æ—Ç–æ–π, –±–æ—Ä—Ç–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, –ª–æ–≤–ª–µ–π —Ä—ã–±—ã –∏, –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –ø–æ —Ö–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º —Ç–∞—Ä—Ö–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º (–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º) —è—Ä–ª—ã–∫–∞–º –Ω–∞ –î–æ–Ω—É –∏ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–∑—ã, –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ –∂–∏–ª–∏ –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∑–µ–º–ª–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏–µ–º. –ù–µ–º–∞–ª–æ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∏ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –û—Ä–¥—ã –∏ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –ö—Ä—ã–º–∞.

–í 13-14 –≤–µ–∫–∞—Ö —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ-—ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –∏ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥–Ω—É—é –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –≤ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –º–µ—Ä–µ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –≤–µ–ª–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏. –†—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∂–∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º —Ä–µ–∫–∏, —É –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–µ–π –∏ –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –û—Ä–¥—ã –°–∞—Ä–∞–µ, –≥–¥–µ –≤ 1261 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –µ–ø–∞—Ä—Ö–∏—é –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤–∏. –û–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–µ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∫ –°. –ú. –°–æ–ª–æ–≤—å–µ–≤ –∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–∏–ª, —á—Ç–æ “–ø–æ –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –¥–≤–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏–ø—è—Ç–∏–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è —Ç—è–∂–µ—Å—Ç—å –∏–≥–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç —É–º–µ–Ω—å—à–∞—Ç—å—Å—è, –∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤–∏–¥–∏–º –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏–µ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏ –∏ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞”; “…–≤—Ä–µ–º—è –æ—Ç –ö–∞–ª–∏—Ç—ã –¥–æ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏—è –î–æ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å —Å–∞–º—ã–º –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω—ã–º –¥–ª—è –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏…”. –û —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–º —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –∏ –ø–æ –∞—Ä–∞–±—Å–∫–∏–º –∏—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º. –í –∂–∏–∑–Ω–µ–æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≠–ª—å–º–µ–Ω–∏–∫-–≠–∑-–∑–∞—Ö—ã—Ä–∞ (–ò–±–Ω-–∞–±-–¥–µ–∑-–ó–∞—Ö—ã—Ä–∞) —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ –ø—Ä—è–º–æ: “–ò—Ç–∏–ª—å. –≠—Ç–æ —Ä–µ–∫–∞ –ø—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è, —à–∏—Ä–∏–Ω–æ—é –≤ —Ä–µ–∫—É –ù–∏–ª, –ø–æ –Ω–µ–π (—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç) —Å—É–¥–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö, –∞ –Ω–∞ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É –µ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ–ø—Ä–µ–±—ã–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Ü–∞—Ä—è –ë–µ—Ä–∫–µ”. –ü—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∏ –î–æ–Ω—É –æ–±—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ “—Å–∞—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–Ω—ã” (–≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–µ –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä—ã). –ó–∞ –ø–ª–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤ –∏ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–∑ —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü—ã –ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏ –¥–∞–Ω—å –∏ –ø–æ—à–ª–∏–Ω—ã –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–æ—Ä–¥—ã–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º —Ö–∞–Ω–∞–º, –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –∑–∞–∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞ –∏ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—É—é –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –≠—Ç–∏ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –Ω–∞–≥–ª—è–¥–Ω–æ –∏–ª–ª—é—Å—Ç—Ä–∏—Ä—É–µ—Ç –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–ª–∞–Ω –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –§. –∏ –î. –ü–∏—Ü–∏–≥–∞–Ω–æ —Å –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏: –õ–∏–±–æ–∫–æ—Å–∏ (–≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ, –ö–æ—Å—Ç—ã—á–∏), –°–∞–º–∞—Ä, –ê—Ä–∞–±–Ω—Å – –Ω–µ–∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä, –∏—Å–ø–æ–≤–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –∏—Å–ª–∞–º (–Ω—ã–Ω–µ –ú—É—Ä–æ–º—Å–∫–∏–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–∫ – –∞—Ä—Ö–µ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–∞–º—è—Ç–Ω–∏–∫), –°–∞–Ω–∫–æ–≥–∞, –ö–∞—Ä–∞–±–æ–ª–∞–º, –ë–æ–∫–∞ –∏ –¥—Ä.

–°–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏—è –∏ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—ã –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∏ –¥–∞—é—Ç –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –±—ã–ª–∏ –∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ, –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —É –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–µ–π –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–∑–æ–≤. –®–ª–æ –µ—Å—Ç–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ, –Ω–µ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –±–µ–≥–ª—ã—Ö –≤ –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –≤–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è —É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏. –¢–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–æ–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö, –∂–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö –ø–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –≤ 14-15 –≤–µ–∫–∞—Ö, –Ω–æ–≤–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞—è –∏ –≤—è—Ç—Å–∫–∞—è –≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü–∞ – —É—à–∫—É–π–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞—Ç—å –æ—Ç–≤–∞–∂–Ω—ã–µ –∏ –¥–∞–ª–µ–∫–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—É–ª–∫–∏ –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –í–æ–ª–≥–µ, –¥–∞–∂–µ –±—ã—Ç—å –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≥–æ—Å—Ç—è–º–∏ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –í—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä–∏–∏, –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ –°–∞—Ä–∞–µ –∏ –ê—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–∞–Ω–∏. –í–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, –∫–∞–∫ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—é—Ç –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∫–∏, —á–∞—Å—Ç—å —É—à–∫—É–π–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –æ—Å–µ–¥–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ, –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–µ. –≠—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–ª–∞–Ω–µ –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –ü–∏—Ü–∏–≥–∞–Ω–æ –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç –∏ –Ω–∞–¥–ø–∏—Å—å “Lotres f.” (“–ª–æ—Ç—Ä–µ—Å —Ñ—É—Ä–æ”) – “–æ—Å–æ–±–æ —Ä–∞–∑–±–æ–π–Ω–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ”. –ù–µ –µ—Å—Ç—å –ª–∏ —ç—Ç–æ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—â–µ –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü—ã –ö–∞–∑–∞—Ü–∫–∏–µ –≥–æ—Ä—ã, –≥–¥–µ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ —É –°—ã–∑—Ä–∞–Ω–∏ —Å–ª–∞–Ω—Ü–µ–≤—ã–π —Ä—É–¥–Ω–∏–∫ –ö–∞—à–ø–∏—Ä. –ó–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è “–ö–∞—à–ø–∏—Ä” (–±—É–∫–≤–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ) – “–∫–∞–º–µ–Ω—å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π”. “–ö–∞—à” (—Ç—é—Ä–∫.) – “–∫–∞–º–µ–Ω—å” + “–ø–∏—Ä” (–≥—Ä–µ—á.) – “–æ–≥–æ–Ω—å”. –û—Ç—Å—é–¥–∞ –ö–∞—à–ø–∏—Ä – “–≥–æ—Ä—é—á–∏–π –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω—å” – —Å–ª–∞–Ω–µ—Ü. –í –∑–æ–Ω—É –±–µ–∑–≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –î–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—è – –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –õ—É–∫—É –±–µ–∂–∞–ª–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏, –≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ, –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–∞, –∏–∑ —É–¥–µ–ª–æ–≤ –î—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–π –†—É—Å–∏, –Ω–æ –∏ —Å —é–≥–∞, –∏–∑ –º–µ—Å—Ç —Ä–∞–±—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–±—ã–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—ã—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –≤ –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –û—Ä–¥–µ. –≠—Ç–æ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ –ø–æ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—è–º –ì–∏–ª—å–æ–º–∞ –†—É–±—Ä—É–∫–∞ (—Ñ–ª–∞–º–∞–Ω–¥—Ü–∞, –ø–æ—Å–ª–∞ —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ—Ä–æ–ª—è –õ—é–¥–æ–≤–∏–∫–∞ IX –≤ –ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—É—Ä—É–º, –∫ –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–º—É –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–æ–≤–Ω–æ–º—É —Ö–∞–Ω—É –ú—É–Ω–∫–µ –≤ 1253 –≥–æ–¥—É).

–í –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∏–º –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ –æ–Ω –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –∏–∑–ª—É—á–∏–Ω–µ –î–æ–Ω–∞, –Ω–æ –ø—É—Ç–∏ –æ—Ç —Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∫–∏ –°–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–∫–∞ –¥–æ —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∫–∏ –ë–∞—Ç—ã—è, “–º—ã –æ—â—É—â–∞–ª–∏ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö: –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ, –≤–µ–Ω–≥—Ä—ã –∏ –∞–ª–∞–Ω—ã… –ø–æ 20 –∏–ª–∏ 30 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, –≤—ã–±–µ–≥–∞—é—Ç –Ω–æ—á—å—é —Å –∫–æ–ª—á–∞–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∏ –ª—É–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏ —É–±–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–≥–æ, –∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞—é—Ç –Ω–æ—á—å—é. –î–Ω–µ–º –æ–Ω–∏ —Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç—Å—è, –∞ –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ª–æ—à–∞–¥–∏ –∏—Ö —É—Ç–æ–º–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è, –æ–Ω–∏ –ø–æ–¥–±–∏—Ä–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –Ω–æ—á—å—é –∫ —Ç–∞–±—É–Ω–∞–º –ª–æ—à–∞–¥–µ–π –Ω–∞ –ø–∞—Å—Ç–±–∏—â–∞—Ö, –æ–±–º–µ–Ω–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –ª–æ—à–∞–¥–µ–π, –∞ –æ–¥–Ω—É –∏–ª–∏ –¥–≤—É—Ö —É–≤–æ–¥—è—Ç —Å —Å–æ–±–æ–π, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –≤ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ –Ω—É–∂–¥—ã —Å—ä–µ—Å—Ç—å. –ù–∞—à –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–Ω–∏–∫ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –±–æ—è–ª—Å—è —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∏”. –ù–∞–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–µ –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞—é—Ç –∏ —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–ø–∫–∏ –∞—Ä—Ö–µ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∞ –ê. –ï. –ê–ª–∏—Ö–æ–≤–æ–π. –ï–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∫–∏ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç, —á—Ç–æ —É —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–µ–ª–∞ –ë–µ—Ä–µ–∑–æ–≤–∫–∞ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∞–±–æ—Ä–∏–≥–µ–Ω–æ–≤ – –±—É–ª–≥–∞—Ä –≤ 13 –≤–µ–∫–µ –∂–∏–ª–∏ –∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω—Ü—ã. –£–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ –∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å, –∏–∑ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –ß. –ß. –í–∞–ª–∏—Ö–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤ 1300 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–µ–ø–æ–∫–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–π –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π —Ç–µ–º–Ω–∏–∫ –ù–æ–≥–∞–π –±—ã–ª —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏—Ç –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ-–æ—Ä–¥—ã–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º —Ö–∞–Ω–æ–º –¢–æ–≥—Ç–∞–≥—É, —Ç–æ –æ–Ω “…–±–µ–∂–∞–ª –∫ –±–∞—à–∫–∏—Ä–∞–º… —Ö–æ—Ç—è –±—ã–ª –±–æ–ª–µ–Ω. –ù–∞ –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–µ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ö–≤–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏: —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª —è –ù–æ–≥–∞–π”. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ–≤–µ–∑–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ –∫ —Ö–∞–Ω—É –¢–æ–≥—Ç–∞–≥—É. –°–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –≤ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ, –Ω–∞ –ø—É—Ç–∏ –∫ –±–∞—à–∫–∏—Ä–∞–º –±—ã–ª —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω, –∫–æ–Ω—Ç—Ä–æ–ª–∏—Ä—É–µ–º—ã–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º–∏. –ò–∑ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ 14-15 –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –∑–∞–≥–∞–¥–æ—á–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ-–ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä, –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–µ –§—Ä–∞-–ú–∞—É—Ä–æ.

–ù–∞ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–µ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –≤–ø–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤ Edil – –í–æ–ª–≥—É. Fl. Chaisu – —Ä–µ–∫–∞ –•–∞–π—Å—É —Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª—è–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ –¥–≤–∞ —Ä—É–∫–∞–≤–∞ – —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–π –∏ —é–∂–Ω—ã–π, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –±—ã–ª–∏ –¥–≤–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∏. –°–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –æ–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –∏ –Ω–∞–¥–ø–∏—Å—å: “Fl. Chaisu bianco”, –≤ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–¥–µ – “—Ä–µ–∫–∞ –•–∞–π—Å—É —Å –¥–≤—É–º—è –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—è–º–∏”. –ù–∞ –ª–µ–≤–æ–º –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É, —É —É—Å—Ç—å—è —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä—É–∫–∞–≤–∞ —Ä–µ–∫–∏, —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–æ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ-–ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—å Samar (–°–∞–º–∞—Ä) – –æ–¥–Ω–∞ –∏–∑ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–≤—É—Ö –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–µ–π. –ù–∞ —é–∂–Ω–æ–º —Ä—É–∫–∞–≤–µ, —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–∞ –ª–µ–≤–æ–º –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É, –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –ø–æ—Ö–æ–∂–µ–µ –Ω–∞ —é—Ä—Ç—É —Å –Ω–∞–¥–ø–∏—Å—å—é Lochahi (–õ–æ–∫–∞—Ö–∏), —á—Ç–æ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–¥–µ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç “–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ —é—Ä—Ç”. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ 15 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –º–æ–≥–ª–∏ –±—ã—Ç—å –∫–æ—á–µ–≤—å—è –Ω–æ–≥–∞–π—Ü–µ–≤ –∏–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ–≤ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–∞–∑–∞—Ö–æ–≤, –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ–º –∫–∞–π—Å–∞–∫–æ–≤ (–∫–∏—Ä–≥–∏–∑-–∫–∞–π—Å–∞–∫–æ–≤). –£ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–æ–π–±–∏—â–∞ –º–æ–≥–ª–∞ –±—ã—Ç—å –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—å, –Ω–æ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–µ –∫–æ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, —Ç–∞–∫ –∫–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–∫–∏ –∫–∞–∑–∞—Ö–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ —Å—É–¥–æ–≤ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–∏. –ü–æ –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–ª–∞–Ω—É –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –ü–∏—Ü–∏–≥–∞–Ω–æ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä –æ–∫—Ä—É–∂–∞–ª–∞ –∑–∞–±–æ–ª–æ—á–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å lamay-ran – –ª–∞–º–∞–π—Ä–∞–Ω (–ª–∞—Ç.) – “–±–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ, —Ç—Ä—è—Å–∏–Ω–∞”. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –≤–∏–¥—É —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–∞—è –ø–æ–π–º–∞ –ø–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º —Ä–µ–∫ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –∏ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏, –≥–¥–µ –∏ –≤ –Ω–∞—à–∏ –¥–Ω–∏ (–æ—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –¥–æ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ß–∞–ø–∞–µ–≤—Å–∫–∞) –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–∑–µ—Ä, –±–æ–ª–æ—Ç, –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–æ–∫ –∏ —Ä—É—á—å–µ–≤, –ø–æ—Ä–æ—Å—à–∏—Ö —Ç—Ä–∞–≤–æ–π –∏ –∫—É—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏. –ì–∏–¥—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏ 1636 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –æ—Ç—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–∞ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—Ö–µ–º–µ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–æ–≤ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –ê. –û–ª–µ–∞—Ä–∏—è.

–≠—Ç–∞ —Å—Ö–µ–º–∞ –û–ª–µ–∞—Ä–∏—è –±—ã–ª–∞ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–∏–º –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–æ–º –ì. –î–µ–ª–∏–ª–µ–º –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ “–∫–∞—Ä—Ç—ã –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤–∏–∏” 1706 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–æ—Ä–¥—ã–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å–ø–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–µ –æ—Ç –ø—É—Ç–µ–π –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–∞–±–µ–≥–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å—å. –ö–∞–∫ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ, –æ–Ω–∏ –≥—Ä–∞–±–∏–ª–∏ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–æ—Ä—è–ª–∏ –µ–ª–µ—Ü–∫–∏–µ, —Ä—è–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏, –∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ —Ç—É–¥–∞ —Å —é–≥–∞, –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–∏–∞–∑–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ-—á–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–º–æ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–π. –í–æ–ª–≥–∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–µ–π—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –≤–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º –ø—É—Ç–µ–º –º–µ–∂–¥—É–Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–ª–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—É—é –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤—Å–µ —Ö–∞–Ω—ã –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –û—Ä–¥—ã. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –Ω–∞ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω—é—é –í–æ–ª–≥—É –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –±–µ–∑–≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∫—Ä–∞—è, –Ω–æ –∏ –º–∞–Ω—è—â–µ–µ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å–µ “–≤–∑–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥–∞–Ω–∏” —Å –∫—É–ø–µ—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å—É–¥–æ–≤. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –∫—Ä–æ–≤–∞–≤—ã—Ö —Ñ–µ–æ–¥–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–∑–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –≤ –ó–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –û—Ä–¥–µ —É—Å–ø–µ—à–Ω–∞—è –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª–∞ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞, –≤ 1361 –≥–æ–¥—É, –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π —Ä–∞–∑ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ë–∞—Ç—ã—è, –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ –ø–æ–¥–≤–µ—Ä–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ–≥—Ä–∞–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—é. –í —ç—Ç–æ–π —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π –ª–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å–µ—Ü —Å —è–≤–Ω–æ–π –≥–æ—Ä–µ—á—å—é –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–ë—É–ª–∞—Ç –¢–µ–º–∏—Ä—å, –∫–Ω—è–∑—å –û—Ä–¥—ã–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π, –ë–æ–ª–≥–∞—Ä—ã –≤–∑—è–ª, –∏ –≤—Å–µ –≥—Ä–∞–¥—ã –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–∑–µ –∏ —É–ª—É—Å—ã –ø–æ–π–º–∞–ª, –∏ –æ—Ç–Ω—è–ª –≤–µ—Å—å –í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—É—Ç—å”. –ë—É–ª–∞—Ç –¢–µ–º–∏—Ä—å –æ—Ç–Ω—è–ª “–í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—É—Ç—å”, –±–µ–∑—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ, –Ω–µ —É —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö —Å–æ–æ—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –∞ —É —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –ø–ª–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤ —Å—É–¥–∞—Ö –∏ –Ω–∞ –µ–µ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞—Ö –∂–∏–ª–∏.

–ò–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∫–∏ –ë. –ì—Ä–µ–∫–æ–≤ –∏ –ê. –Ø–∫—É–±–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —É–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ–±–æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥—ã, —á—Ç–æ “–≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 14 –∏ 15 –≤–µ–∫–∞ —Å—É–¥–æ—Ö–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –≤ —Ä—É–∫–∞—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö”, –∞ –∏–∑ —Å–ª–æ–≤ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å—Ü–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É–µ—Ç, —á—Ç–æ —ç—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞–ª–∞–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π “–í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—É—Ç—å” —Å —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—è–º–∏ – “–≥—Ä–∞–¥–∞–º–∏ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–∑–µ”. –ù–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ–∑–∂–µ (1377) –∏–∑-–∑–∞ —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –Ø–∏–∫–∞ (–£—Ä–∞–ª–∞), –æ—Ç –ê—Ä–∞–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ—Ä—è, —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ –≤ —Ä—è–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–∏ –æ—Ç—Ä—è–¥—ã –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ü–∞—Ä–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ê—Ä–∞–ø—à–∏, –∞ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –ø—è—Ç—å –ª–µ—Ç —ç—Ç–∏–º –∂–µ –ø—É—Ç–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –∫ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –∞—Ä–º–∏—è —Ö–∞–Ω–∞ –¢–æ—Ö—Ç–∞–º—ã—à–∞. –ë—ã–ª –Ω–∞ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∏ –¢–∞–º–µ—Ä–ª–∞–Ω (1391). –ü–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–¥–æ–º –Ω–∞ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É, –≤ 1382 –≥–æ–¥—É, —Ö–∞–Ω –¢–æ—Ö—Ç–∞–º—ã—à –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ “–ø–æ–≥—Ä–∞–±–∏—Ç—å —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π –≤ –ë–æ–ª–≥–∞—Ä–∏–∏, –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–≤–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å –∏—Ö —Å—É–¥–∞”. –¢–∞–∫, —Å 1361 –ø–æ 1382 –≥–æ–¥—ã –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—ã —Ç—Ä–∏–∂–¥—ã –∑–∞—Ö–≤–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ “–≥—Ä–∞–¥—ã” –∏ —Å—É–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –í–æ–ª–≥–µ. –≠—Ç–∏ —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏—è –¥–∞—é—Ç –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –≤—ã–≤–æ–¥, —á—Ç–æ –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –ü–æ–≤–æ–ª–∂—å–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ç—Ä–æ–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –º–æ–Ω–≥–æ–ª–æ-—Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –∂–µ –≥–¥–µ –æ–Ω–∏ –∏ –±—ã–ª–∏, —Ç–æ —ç—Ç–æ –Ω–µ —è–≤–ª—è–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ–º–µ—Ö–æ–π –¥–ª—è –ø–ª–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å—É–¥–æ–≤ –∏ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –ø–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞–º –í–æ–ª–≥–∏.

–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –∂—É—Ä–Ω–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç –í. –ê. –ì—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–π –æ–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–ª –≤—ã–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∫—É –∏–∑ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–∞ –Ω–µ–∫–æ–µ–≥–æ –∫—É–ø—Ü–∞ –ö—É–∑—å–º—ã –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 15 –≤–µ–∫–∞, –ø–ª—ã–≤—è –≤ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–π –ª–æ–¥–∫–µ –≤–Ω–∏–∑ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ, –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø—É—Ç–µ–≤—ã—Ö –∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–∫–∞—Ö –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “…–ù–∞ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É —Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∏ –ª—é–¥–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –æ—Ä—É–∂–∏–∏ –∏ –¥–µ–ª–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–º –∑–Ω–∞–∫–∏, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–∞–≥–∞—è –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å. –≠—Ç–æ –º—ã –∏ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª–∏. –õ—é–¥–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ –±–æ—è—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã, –∞ –Ω–µ —Ç–∞—Ç–∞—Ä—ã, –∫–∞–∫ –º—ã –¥—É–º–∞–ª–∏… –ó–∞ –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç—É –æ—Ç –≤–æ–¥—ã –±—ã–ª–∞ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å. –°—Ç–µ–Ω—ã –±—Ä–µ–≤–µ–Ω—á–∞—Ç—ã–µ, –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–∏ —á–∞—Å–æ–≤–Ω—è. –õ—é–¥–µ–π –≤ –Ω–µ–π –±—ã–ª–æ –¥–æ —Å—Ç–∞…” –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç–∞, –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –í. –ê. –ì—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–º, –ø–æ–¥–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª—è–µ—Ç “–°—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–π —á–µ—Ä—Ç–µ–∂ 1497 –≥–æ–¥–∞”, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∞–∫–∞–¥–µ–º–∏–∫–æ–º –ë. –ê. –†—ã–±–∞–∫–æ–≤—ã–º. –¢–∞–∫ –ø–æ—Ä—Ç–æ–ª–∞–Ω –±—Ä–∞—Ç—å–µ–≤ –§. –∏ –î. –ü–∏—Ü–∏–≥–∞–Ω–æ –∏ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ –∫–æ—Å–º–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∞ –§—Ä–∞-–ú–∞—É—Ä–æ —è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Å–æ—Ç –ª–µ—Ç –Ω–∞–∑–∞–¥ –Ω–∞ –°—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π –í–æ–ª–≥–µ, –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —É—Ä–æ—á–∏—â–µ, –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—å, –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, –ø–æ–¥ –æ–±—â–∏–º –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä, –∞ —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏—è –∏ —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—ã —Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –¥–∞—é—Ç –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω—Ü–∞–º–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ – –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º –±–µ–≥–ª—ã–µ.

–ë–µ–∑—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ, —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –≤ –≥—Ä–∞–¥–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –ø–ª–∞–Ω–µ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –ø—Ä—è–º–æ–π —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º-–ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–Ω—å—é –°–∞–º–∞—Ä 14 –≤–µ–∫–∞. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –≤ —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ-–∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –∏ –≥–µ–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –∞—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–µ —ç—Ç–æ –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–µ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–µ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∞—â—É—Ä–æ–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –†–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Ç–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—è –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–µ—Ç —Ä—è–¥ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–∞—è –∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ç–æ–ø–æ–Ω–∏–º—ã.

–ü–æ—Ö–æ–∂–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—ã:

1. –ò—Å—Ç–æ–∫–∏ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã
2. –û–∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–µ–ª—ã–π –ª–µ—Å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏
3. –ü—Ä–∏–∏–∫—Å–∫–∏–µ —á—É–≤–∞—à–∏
4. –ò—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—è –°–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –≥–æ—Ä—ã
5. –ò—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ª–∞–Ω–¥—à–∞—Ñ—Ç–æ–≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏