–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –ê. –ù. –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞ –∏ –∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º–∏

–î–ª—è –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –∑–∞—Ç—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–º –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é —Å–∞–º–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏, –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–æ–π –≤ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä–µ 1856 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –î–≤—É—Ö—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–π, —Å —É–≥–ª–æ–≤—ã–º –ø–∞—Ä–∞–¥–Ω—ã–º –≤—Ö–æ–¥–æ–º, –¥–æ–º —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –±—ã–ª –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ–≥–æ –≤–µ–∫–∞ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∞–ª –∫—É–ø—Ü—É –§. –í. –í–æ—â–∞–∫–∏–Ω—É. –° 1861 –ø–æ 1898 –≥–æ–¥ –ª–µ–≤–æ–µ –∫—Ä—ã–ª–æ —Å–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∞ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—è, –∞ –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–º –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä—ã, —Å–¥–∞–≤–∞–≤—à–∏–µ—Å—è –≤–Ω–∞–µ–º. –§–æ—Ç–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ–≥–æ –≤–µ–∫–∞ –∏ –≤ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è:

Но историческую ценность это здание имеет прежде всего потому, что оно было свидетелем некоторых важных событий в жизни Марии Бланк, ставшей вскоре женой Ильи Николаевича Ульянова, и ее сыновей — Владимира и Дмитрия.

–ö–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –±—ã, –Ω—É –∑–∞—á–µ–º –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –ú–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –ë–ª–∞–Ω–∫, –ø–æ–º–æ–ª–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π 1863 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ —Å –ò–ª—å–µ–π –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á–µ–º, –µ—Ö–∞—Ç—å –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É —Å–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å —ç–∫–∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—ã, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –Ω–∞ “–ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–º—É, —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–æ–º—É –∏ –Ω–µ–º–µ—Ü–∫–æ–º—É —è–∑—ã–∫–∞–º”!? –í–µ–¥—å –∫—É–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—â–µ –∏ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —Ö–ª–æ–ø–æ—Ç–Ω–æ –≤—Å–µ —ç—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –≤ –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ, –≥–¥–µ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ –∑–Ω–∞–ª–∏ —Å–≤–æ—è—á–Ω–∏—Ü—É –∏–Ω—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–∞ –ò. –î. –í–µ—Ä–µ—Ç–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞. –ù–æ —â–µ–ø–µ—Ç–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏ –Ω–µ–∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ú–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –ë–ª–∞–Ω–∫ —Ö–æ—Ç—å –≤ –∫–∞–∫–æ–π-—Ç–æ –º–µ—Ä–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –¥–∞–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–µ –µ–π –ø—É—Å—Ç—å –¥–∞–∂–µ —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ, —Å–∫–∞–∂–µ–º —Ç–∞–∫, –ø–æ—Å–ª–∞–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–¥–∞—á–µ —ç–∫–∑–∞–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤ –≤ –ü–µ–Ω–∑–µ, –∏ —è–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Ä–µ—à–∞—é—â–µ–π –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–µ–∑–¥–∫–∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É. –ë—É–¥—É—á–∏ –æ—Ç –ø—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥—ã –æ–¥–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∏ —Å–∫–ª–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∫ —É—á–µ–±–µ, –Ω–æ, –∑–∞ –Ω–µ–∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤, –æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–∏–≤—à–∏—Å—å –ª–∏—à—å –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º, –ú. –ë–ª–∞–Ω–∫ —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–≤–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–µ–º–µ—Ü–∫–∏–º, —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–∏–º –∏ –∞–Ω–≥–ª–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–º —è–∑—ã–∫–∞–º–∏, –∞ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –Ω–µ –±–µ–∑ —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –∏ –∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–æ–π.

–í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–µ–∑–∂–∞–ª–∞ –∏ —Ä–∞–Ω—å—à–µ‚Äî –∫ –∂–∏–≤—à–µ–π –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –¥–æ 1861 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—à–µ–π —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ ‚Äî –ê–Ω–Ω–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–µ. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É —Å–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å —ç–∫–∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—ã, –æ–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–æ –∏ –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–ª–∞, –Ω–µ–∑–∞—É—Ä—è–¥–Ω—É—é —Å–∏–ª—É –≤–æ–ª–∏, –æ–±–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ ‚Äî –≤—Å–µ, —á—Ç–æ –≤–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–µ—Ç –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –µ–µ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–∞. –≠–∫–∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—ã, –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ “–∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º”, –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞ —Å–¥–∞–ª–∞ –≤ —Ç–æ—Ç –∂–µ –¥–µ–Ω—å –∏ —É–∂–µ –∫ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü—É –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∞ “–°–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ”, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –æ–Ω–∞ —Ç–∞–∫ –≥–æ—Ä–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –∏ —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∞ –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–æ: “–î–∞–Ω–æ —Å–∏–µ –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä–∏ –Ω–∞–¥–≤–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –¥–µ–≤–∏—Ü–µ –ú–∞—Ä—å–µ –ë–ª–∞–Ω–∫ –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –≤—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –ø–æ–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –µ—é –ø—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ —á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏—é –∏ –ø–∏—Å—å–º—É –ø–æ-—Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏, –Ω–µ–º–µ—Ü–∫–∏ –∏ –ø–æ-—Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–∏, –æ–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –¥–æ–ø—É—â–µ–Ω–∞ –∫ –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—é –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏ –∏ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ –±–æ–∂–∏–µ–º, —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–º —è–∑—ã–∫–µ, –∞—Ä–∏—Ñ–º–µ—Ç–∏–∫–µ, –Ω–µ–º–µ—Ü–∫–æ–º –∏ —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–æ–º —è–∑—ã–∫–∞—Ö –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ —É–¥–æ–≤–ª–µ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è. –ê –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É –µ–π, –ë–ª–∞–Ω–∫, –∏ –¥–∞–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–ø–æ–¥–∞–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≤—ã—à–µ—É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥–º–µ—Ç–æ–≤, –Ω–æ –±–µ–∑ –≤—ã–≥–æ–¥ –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—é –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–∏—Ö —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü”.

–†–∞–¥–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è, –æ–∫—Ä—ã–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —É–µ—Ö–∞–ª–∞ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∏–∑ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–Ω–∞. –ò —É–∂–µ –≤ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ, –≤ –∞–≤–≥—É—Å—Ç–µ, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∞—Å—å —Å–≤–∞–¥—å–±–∞ ‚Äî –æ–Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –∂–µ–Ω–æ–π –ò–ª—å–∏ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∞. –ö —Ç–æ–º—É –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å–µ–º—å—è –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –∏ –æ—Å–µ–Ω—å—é 1889 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏—é –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–µ—Ä–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–∑–Ω—å—é —É—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –ø–µ—Ä–≤–∞—è –º—É–∂—Å–∫–∞—è –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—è –µ—â–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ –¥–æ–º–µ –∫—É–ø—Ü–∞ –í–æ—â–∞–∫–∏–Ω–∞. –£—á–∏–ª—Å—è –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª—Å—è —É–ø–æ—Ä–Ω–æ –∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –≤—Å—è—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º—è—Å—å –ø–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—à–µ–≥–æ –±—Ä–∞—Ç–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–∞. –ö—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∏, –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∑–∞ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–∫–æ–º —É–∂–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫–∞—è —Å–ª–µ–∂–∫–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Ñ–∏–∫—Å–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≤ —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –±—É–º–∞–≥–∞—Ö. –í–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –∏–º—è –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏—è –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ —É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç–æ –¥–≤—É–º—è –≥–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ —Ä–∞–Ω—å—à–µ, –≤ —Ç–∞–π–Ω–æ–º –¥–æ–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º—É –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—É: “23-–≥–æ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ —Å–µ–≥–æ –∏—é–Ω—è –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º —á–∞—Å—É —É—Ç—Ä–∞ –≤ –ö–æ–∫—É—à–∫–∏–Ω–æ, –≤ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ç–µ—Ç–∫–∏ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –≥. –ü–æ–Ω–æ–º–∞—Ä–µ–≤–æ–π, –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–ª–∞ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∞—è –ø–æ–¥ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–º –Ω–∞–¥–∑–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–∏ –¥–æ—á—å –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ê–Ω–Ω–∞ –ò–ª—å–∏–Ω–∏—á–Ω–∞ –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∞. –ü—Ä–∏ –Ω–µ–π –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç—Å—è –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–≤—à–∏–µ —Å –Ω–µ–π –∂–µ: –±—Ä–∞—Ç –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π, 13 –ª–µ—Ç, –≤–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏ 4-–≥–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∞, –∏ —Å–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞ –ú–∞—Ä–∏—è, 9 –ª–µ—Ç”.

–í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –∂–∞–Ω–¥–∞—Ä–º—Å–∫–æ–µ –¥–æ—Å—å–µ –Ω–∞ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏—è –ø–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏. –°—Ä–∞–∑—É –∂–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø—Ä–∏–µ–∑–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –±—ã–ª –∑–∞–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω –≤ –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–µ –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∏. –ò –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Å –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤ –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—é, –∑–∞ –Ω–∏–º –±—ã–ª –ø—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–Ω–∏–∫ 5-–≥–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∞ –Ω–µ–∫—Ç–æ –ö–æ—á–∫–∏–Ω. –¢–æ—Ç –∏—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ –≤–µ–ª –Ω–µ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞–¥–∑–æ—Ä, –∏—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ –¥–æ–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞–ª –±–ª–∏–∂–∞–π—à–µ–º—É –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º—É –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É. –í —Å–≤–æ—é –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å, –¥–∏—Ä–µ–∫—Ç–æ—Ä –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏–∏ –ê. –°–æ–∫–æ–ª–æ–≤ —É–∂–µ 30 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1889 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å –Ω–µ—Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ–Ω–∏—Ü–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ —Å —Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–æ–π –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –ø–æ–ø–µ—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—é –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É—á–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º—É —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–æ–¥—á–∏–Ω—è–ª–∏—Å—å —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã: “…–ù–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è —è –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞—é, —á—Ç–æ –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤ ‚Äî —é–Ω–æ—à–∞ —Å–∫—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–π, —Ç–∏—Ö–∏–π –∏ –Ω–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ—Ä—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π; –Ω–µ –∑–∞–º–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –Ω–µ–º –¥—É—Ö–∞ –Ω–µ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞–∫–ª–æ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∫ –Ω–µ–ø–æ–≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏—é… –ù–æ –∫—Ç–æ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –∑–∞ –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–µ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —é–Ω–æ—à–∏, –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –µ—Å–ª–∏ –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –æ–±—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–µ, –≤–æ–∑–±—É–∂–¥–∞—é—â–µ–π, –ø–æ-–≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ–º—É, –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è…” –î–∞, “–±—É–¥—É—â–µ–º—É –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é” –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π —É—á–∏–ª—Å—è —É –±—Ä–∞—Ç–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–∞ –∏ –µ–≥–æ –¥—Ä—É–∑–µ–π ‚Äî –ê. –ü. –°–∫–ª—è—Ä–µ–Ω–∫–æ, –ê. –ê. –ë–µ–ª—è–∫–æ–≤–∞, –ú. –ù. –°–µ–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞ (–ë–ª–∞–Ω) –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤ –º–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∏—Å—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä—É–∂–∫–∞. –£–∂–µ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –æ–Ω —á–∏—Ç–∞–ª –Ω–µ–ª–µ–≥–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—É, –∏ —Ç–µ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ —É–±–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –≤–∑–≥–ª—è–¥—ã.

–ù–æ, –∫–∞–∫ —á–ª–µ–Ω —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—è–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω–æ–π –ø–∞–ª–∞—Ç—ã –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–π –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω, —Å–±–ª–∏–∑–∏–ª—Å—è —Å –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º–∏!? –ò —á—Ç–æ, –≤—Å–µ-—Ç–∞–∫–∏, –ø–æ–º–∏–º–æ –æ–±—â–µ–≥–æ —É–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è —à–∞—Ö–º–∞—Ç–∞–º–∏, –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª–æ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–æ —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞-–º–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–∞ –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —É–∂–µ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø–æ–∂–∏–ª–æ–º —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ “–∏–¥–µ–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏–¥–µ—Å—è—Ç—ã—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤”. –í —Å–∞–º–æ–º –¥–µ–ª–µ, –≤—Å–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å —à–∞—Ö–º–∞—Ç, —Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥–æ–º —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –¥–ª—è –∑–∞–æ—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ó–∏–º–æ—é 1888/89 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–ª—å–∏—á —Å —Å–µ–º—å–µ–π –∂–∏–ª –µ—â–µ –≤ –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏, –ø–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é –ú–∞—Ä–∫–∞ –¢–∏–º–æ—Ñ–µ–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –Ω–∏–º –∏ –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω—ã–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–∞—Å—å –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—è –≤ —à–∞—Ö–º–∞—Ç—ã –ø–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–∏—Å–∫–µ. “–•–æ–¥—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ –ø–æ—á—Ç–µ, ‚Äî –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –≤ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è—Ö –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –ò–ª—å–∏—á –£–ª—å—è–Ω–æ–≤, ‚Äî –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∫–∞–º–∏. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Ö–æ–¥–∞ –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–ª—å–∏—á, –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞—è –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–∞, –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ä–∞–∑ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª —Ñ–∏–≥—É—Ä—ã –∏ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª: “–ò–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –∂–µ –æ–Ω —Ç–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –ø—Ä–∏–¥—É–º–∞–µ—Ç, –∫–∞–∫ –≤—ã–ø—É—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è, —è, –ø–æ –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ–π –º–µ—Ä–µ, –Ω–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–∂—É —É–¥–æ–≤–ª–µ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç–∞…” –ü—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª, –Ω–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç… –ú–Ω–µ, —É–∂–µ –∑–∞–∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –∏—Ö –∏–≥—Ä–æ–π, —Ö–æ–¥ –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞ –∫–∞–∑–∞–ª—Å—è –Ω–µ–ª–µ–ø—ã–º.

–í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–ª—å–∏—á –≤–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ —Ç–æ–∂–µ –Ω–µ–¥–æ—É–º–µ–≤–∞–ª, –Ω–æ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Å–∫–æ—Ä–æ –ø—Ä–∏–¥—É–º–∞–ª –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª: “–ù-–¥–∞, —ç—Ç–æ –∏–≥—Ä–æ–∫, —á–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–∞—è —Å–∏–ª–∞!” –ù—É–∂–Ω–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω –±—ã–ª –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–æ–π —à–∞—Ö–º–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–π –≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–Ω–æ–π. –í –≤–æ—Å—å–º–∏–¥–µ—Å—è—Ç—ã—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –æ–Ω –ø–æ–±–∏–ª –ª—É—á—à–∏—Ö –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏–≥—Ä–æ–∫–æ–≤, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Å –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç—è–∑–∞–ª—Å—è —Å –ß–∏–≥–æ—Ä–∏–Ω—ã–º…” –ü—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–≤ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –∏ –ª–∏—á–Ω–æ –ø–æ–∑–Ω–∞–∫–æ–º–∏–≤—à–∏—Å—å, –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ò–ª—å–∏—á –ª—é–±–∏–ª –±—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å —É –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞, —É–≤–∞–∂–∞–ª –∏ —Ü–µ–Ω–∏–ª –µ–≥–æ –∫–∞–∫ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –∏ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ, —á–µ–º —Å –∫–µ–º-–ª–∏–±–æ, –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–ª—Å—è —Å –Ω–∏–º –∑–∞ —à–∞—Ö–º–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–π –¥–æ—Å–∫–æ–π. –ê –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª –ø–æ–º–æ—â–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞, –∏—Ö —Å–≤—è–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ —É–∂–µ –∏ —Å–æ–≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞—è —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º —Å—É–¥–µ. –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–π –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è 2 —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è 1842 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ —Å–µ–ª–µ –°–∫–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –±—ã–≤—à–µ–π –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –≤ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –æ—Ç—Ü–∞ ‚Äî –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞—è –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤–∏—á–∞ –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞. –ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–≤ —Å –∑–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–π –º–µ–¥–∞–ª—å—é –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫—É—é –ø–µ—Ä–≤—É—é –≥–∏–º–Ω–∞–∑–∏—é, –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–π –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∏–ª–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π —Ñ–∞–∫—É–ª—å—Ç–µ—Ç –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–∏–π ‚Äî –Ω–∞ —Ñ–∏–∑–∏–∫–æ-–º–∞—Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π. –ù–æ –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏ –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –≤ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª—Å—è. –ß–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤, –≤ 1861 –≥–æ–¥—É, –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–π –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω –µ–¥–µ—Ç –∑–∞ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü—É, –∞ –≤ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º, –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–≤—à–∏—Å—å –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥, –≤—ã–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç —ç–∫–∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—ã —É–∂–µ –Ω–∞ —é—Ä–∏–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º —Ñ–∞–∫—É–ª—å—Ç–µ—Ç–µ –∏ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –∫–∞–Ω–¥–∏–¥–∞—Ç–æ–º –ø—Ä–∞–≤.

–°–≤–æ—é —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–π –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª —Å —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–ª –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è, –±—É–¥—É—á–∏… —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω—ã–º —Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –≤ –°–ª–æ–±–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–µ –í—è—Ç—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –ï–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É —É–º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏—é –±—ã–ª–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–∞–∑–¥–æ –±–ª–∏–∂–µ —Ä–æ–ª—å –∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞. –ò –æ–Ω —Å –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª –µ–µ –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–±—è. –ü—Ä–∏—á–µ–º –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–µ –∂–µ –≤—ã–∏–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∏–º –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–æ–º –ø–æ–ø—Ä–∏—â–µ –¥–µ–ª–æ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∏ –≥—Ä–æ–º–∫–∏–º, —á—Ç–æ –º–æ–ª–≤–∞ –æ –Ω–µ–º –¥–æ–∫–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –¥–æ —Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç, –¥–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –£–∑–Ω–∞–≤, —á—Ç–æ —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏–º –•–∞–ª—É–Ω–µ—Ü–∫–∏—Ö –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–æ–≤ —É–∂–µ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–≤ –∑–∞–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏ —Å–æ—Ç–Ω–∏ —Å–µ–º–µ–π –∂–∏–≤—É—Ç –≤–ø—Ä–æ–≥–æ–ª–æ–¥—å, –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω —Å—É–º–µ–ª —É–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç—å –≤—è—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏, –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—é—â–∏–µ –ø–æ—á—Ç–æ–π –≤ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥—Å–∫—É—é –∫–∞—Å—Å—É –∑–∞ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∑–∞–∫–∞–∑–æ–≤. –ù–µ—Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–æ (–ü—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö —É—Å–∏–ª–∏–π —Å—Ç–æ–∏–ª–æ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–º—É —é—Ä–∏—Å—Ç—É —ç—Ç–æ “–Ω–µ–∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ” –≤ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É —Ä–∞–±–æ—á–∏—Ö, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –±—ã–ª–æ –≤—ã–ø–ª–∞—á–µ–Ω–æ 40 000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ —à–µ—Å—Ç–∏–¥–µ—Å—è—Ç—ã—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –∏—Å–∫—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–µ –≤–µ—Ä–∏–ª–∏ –≤ —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±–Ω–æ–≤–ª—è—é—â–µ–µ –µ–≥–æ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ-—ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –ü–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∏–ª –≤ —ç—Ç–æ –∏ –ê–Ω–¥—Ä–µ–π –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É, –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–≤ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –≤ 1867 –≥–æ–¥—É, –æ–Ω —É–∂–µ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –≥–æ–¥ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º ‚Äî —á–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–π —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—ã, –∞ –≤ 1872 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –µ–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º.

–ó–µ–º—Å–∫–∞—è –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω–∞ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–µ–Ω–∞ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø–æ–º–æ—â–∏ –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—é—â–∏–º, –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏–µ–º —à–∫–æ–ª—ã –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏—Ö —É—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü, –±–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü—ã, –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º —Å—ä–µ–∑–¥–æ–º —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤—Ä–∞—á–µ–π, –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–º–∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º–∏ –¥–µ–ª–∞–º–∏ –∏… —É–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –∏ –∞–¥–º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–π –≤—ã—Å—ã–ª–∫–æ–π –≤ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–±—É—Ä–≥ –≤ 1873 –≥–æ–¥—É –∑–∞ –Ω–µ–∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–∏–º–æ–µ –ø–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ ‚Äî –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑ –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–æ–≤–æ–º—É –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—É –∏ –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ –∑–∞ “–Ω–µ–±–ª–∞–≥–æ–Ω–∞–¥–µ–∂–Ω–æ–µ” –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–º–æ–≥–æ –∏–º –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –í –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–±—É—Ä–≥–µ –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω –∂–∏–ª –¥–æ 1878 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –æ–Ω –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –≤ –≤–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏. –í–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –±—ã–≤—à–∏–º –≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã–º –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ù. –î–æ–ª–≥–æ–≤—ã–º, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏–º—Å—è –ø–æ–¥ –Ω–∞–¥–∑–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–∏, –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø–æ–π –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –±—ã–ª–∞ –í–µ—Ä–∞ –§–∏–≥–Ω–µ—Ä.. –í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞–µ—Ç –±–ª–µ—Å—Ç—è—â—É—é –∞–¥–≤–æ–∫–∞—Ç—Å–∫—É—é –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫—É. –û–ø—è—Ç—å –∏–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã–º –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–π —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—ã (—Å 1880 –ø–æ 1886 –≥–æ–¥), –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑—É–µ—Ç —É–∂–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –∫—Ä—É–∂–æ–∫ –ø–æ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ–º–æ—â–∏ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–µ–º—É –æ—Ç –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞. –ù–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –ª–∏–±–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—É “–í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–æ”, –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –≤—ã–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç –Ω–µ—É–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–¥—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π, –∞ –µ–µ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∂–¥—ã –¥–∞–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è “–ø–æ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–æ–º—É –¥–µ–ª—É” –∏ —à—Ç—Ä–∞—Ñ—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ 25 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π… –ö–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, –•–∞—Ä–¥–∏–Ω –±—ã–ª –¥–∞–ª–µ–∫ –æ—Ç –º–∞—Ä–∫—Å–∏—Å—Ç—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–∑–≥–ª—è–¥–æ–≤ –∏ —É–±–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞. –ê –≤ –¥–Ω–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ –≤–æ–≤—Å–µ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–µ –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∏ –∫–∞–¥–µ—Ç–æ–≤..

–ù–∞ –ì–ª–∞–≤–Ω—É—é