–ü–æ–∂–∞—Ä—ã –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ XVI – XVIII –≤–µ–∫–∞—Ö
–ö–∞–∫ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π 1586 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–æ–π –∫–Ω—è–∑–µ–º –ì—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä–∏–µ–º –û—Å–∏—Ñ–æ–≤–∏—á–µ–º –ó–∞—Å–µ–∫–∏–Ω—ã–º. –≠—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–∞—è –¥–ª—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω–∞—è –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ —é–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —é–≥–æ-–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–∫—Ä–∞–∏–Ω–∞—Ö –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ —è–≤–ª—è–ª–∞—Å—å —Å—É–≥—É–±–æ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º. –û–±—â–µ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –µ–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π, –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º–∏ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω–∞, –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–µ–≤—ã—à–∞–ª–æ 400-500 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ —Ä—è–¥–æ–º —Å –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –ë–æ–ª–¥—ã—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∞ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤—ã—Ö –∫–∞–∑–∞–∫–æ–≤. –ü–æ–∑–∂–µ –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏ –†—ã–±–Ω–∞—è –∏ –í–æ–∑–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∞—è —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Ç—è–Ω—É–ª–∏—Å—å –≤–¥–æ–ª—å –í–æ–ª–≥–∏. –£–∂–µ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º, –≤ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ XVII –≤–µ–∫–∞, –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–∫ —Å—Ç–∞–ª –æ–±—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–æ–º –∏ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ-—Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–∞–º–∏, –∞ –≤–æ–∫—Ä—É–≥ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–∞ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–∑–∏—Ç—å —Å—é–¥–∞ —Å–≤–æ–∏ —Å–µ–º—å–∏ –∏ –æ–±–∑–∞–≤–µ–ª–∏—Å—å –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏. –í —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ —É–∂–µ –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ –∏ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω–µ XVII –≤–µ–∫–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –Ω–∞—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–µ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ 4-5 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π, –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≤—Å–µ-—Ç–∞–∫–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –∏ —á–ª–µ–Ω—ã –∏—Ö —Å–µ–º–µ–π.
–ö —Å–æ–∂–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –¥–æ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ –¥–Ω—è —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ –º–∞–ª–æ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞—Ö –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –¢–µ–º –Ω–µ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ –µ—Å—Ç—å —Ö–æ—Ç—è –∏ –∫–æ—Å–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ, –Ω–æ –≤—Å–µ-—Ç–∞–∫–∏ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ —É–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü—ã –≤ XVII –≤–µ–∫–µ –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑ –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–±–µ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—à–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –æ–≥–Ω—è. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≤ 1663 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å –§. –ò. –ú–æ–≥—É—Ç–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏–ª –Ω–µ –ø–æ—Å—ã–ª–∞—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É –≤ –¶–∞—Ä–∏—Ü—ã–Ω (–í–æ–ª–≥–æ–≥—Ä–∞–¥) –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–µ “–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–æ—Ä–µ–Ω—å—è”. –ê –ª–µ—Ç–æ–º 1691 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º—É –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ –≤—ã–¥–∞—Ç—å —á–ª–µ–Ω–∞–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω–∞ (–¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω–∞–º, –¥–µ—Ç—è–º –±–æ—è—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º, “–∏–Ω–æ–∑–µ–º—Ü–∞–º”, —Å–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º –∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º) –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ “–∏—Ö –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–æ—Ä–µ–Ω—å—è” –ø–æ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º—É —Ä—É–±–ª—é –Ω–∞ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –¥–ª—è –≤–æ—Å—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è “–¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏—è”. –≠—Ç–∞ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –º–∏–∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—è –ø–æ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –º–µ—Ä–∫–∞–º —Å—É–º–º–∞ –¥–ª—è –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–æ–≤–∏–Ω—ã XVII –≤–µ–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π, –≤–µ–¥—å —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–≤–æ—Ä —Å–æ –≤—Å–µ–º–∏ –∂–∏–ª—ã–º–∏ –∏ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞–º–∏ —Å—Ç–æ–∏–ª –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –æ—Ç 10 –¥–æ 15 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π.
–ö–æ–Ω–µ—Ü XVII –≤–µ–∫–∞ –¥–ª—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –±—ã–ª, –ø–æ-–≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ–º—É, —É—Ä–æ–∂–∞–π–Ω—ã–º –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä—ã. –¢–∞–∫, –≤ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∏–∑ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö—Å—è –ø–∏—Å–µ–º —Ç–æ–π —ç–ø–æ—Ö–∏ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–ª–∏: “…–æ—Ç —Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ—Å–∫—É–¥–∞–ª–∏ –æ–Ω–∏ –≥—Ä–∞—Ü–∫–∏–µ –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –∏ –æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞–ª–∏ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–º–∏ –¥–æ–ª–≥–∞–º–∏ –∏ —Å–∫–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–æ—é –æ–ø–∞–ª–∏ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–∑–æ—Ä–∏–ª–∏—Å—è –±–µ–∑ –æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∫—É”. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—ã —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—Ç, —á—Ç–æ –≤ —Ç–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ —á–∞—Å—Ç—ã–º–∏ –≥–æ—Å—Ç—è–º–∏ –≤ –ø–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –í–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–∞—è. –í —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ö —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞—Ö, –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –≤—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –Ω–∞–ø–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–∞–≥–∞, —á—å–∏—Ö-–ª–∏–±–æ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–π, –∏ —Ç–∞–∫ –¥–∞–ª–µ–µ. –ù–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –Ω–µ —Ç–∞–∫ –¥–∞–≤–Ω–æ –≤—ã—è—Å–Ω–∏–ª–æ—Å—å, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ –ª–µ—Ç–∞ 1586 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å –º–æ–≥–ª–∞ —Å–≥–æ—Ä–µ—Ç—å —É–∂–µ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –ù–æ–≥–∞–π—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–Ω—è–∑—å –£—Ä—É—Å –≤—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–±–Ω–æ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª –ø–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –∏ –ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª –æ—Ç —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –µ–≥–æ, –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ —É–≥—Ä–æ–∂–∞–ª –æ—Å–∞–¥–∏—Ç—å –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏ —Å–∂–µ—á—å –µ–µ. –° –£—Ä—É—Å–æ–º –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–æ–≤ —É–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–æ–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç—å—Å—è, –Ω–æ —Ç—É—Ç –Ω–µ–æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–∞—è –æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–∞ –∫ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–∞–º —Å –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã. –û–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, –æ—Å–µ–Ω—å—é 1586 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –±—ã–ª –∑–∞–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω –ú–∞—Ç–≤–µ–π –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—è–∫, –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –∞—Ç–∞–º–∞–Ω –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–æ-—É—Ä–∞–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞–∑–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã—Ö —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω—É—é –°–∏–±–∏—Ä—å —Å —Ü–µ–ª—å—é –µ–µ –ø–æ–∫–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—è–∫ –Ω–µ –ø–æ–¥—á–∏–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—É –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥—ã –ó–∞—Å–µ–∫–∏–Ω–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤–µ–ª–µ–ª –µ–º—É –æ—Ç–¥–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–±–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —É –Ω–æ–≥–∞–µ–≤ –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ –Ω–æ–≥–∞–π—Å–∫–∏–º –∂–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–∞–º, –∏ –∑–∞ —ç—Ç–æ –æ–Ω –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä—å–º—è —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–∞–º–∏ –±—ã–ª –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω –≤ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—É—é —Ç—é—Ä—å–º—É. –ù–æ —Ç—É—Ç –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—è–∫—É –∫–∞–∫–∏–º-—Ç–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º —É–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–æ–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å —á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω–∞ (“–ª–∏—Ç–≤–æ–π”), —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ—Ç –Ω–µ–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å–ª–∞–ª–∏ –≤–µ—Å—Ç–æ—á–∫—É –≤–æ–ª–∂—Å–∫–∏–º –∏ —É—Ä–∞–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–º –∫–∞–∑–∞–∫–∞–º.
–ü–æ–∑–∂–µ –≤—ã—è—Å–Ω–∏–ª–æ—Å—å, —á—Ç–æ –∑–∞–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—â–∏–∫–∏ –≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ–π 1587 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –¥–æ–∂–¥–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –∫ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—É –∫–∞–∑–∞—á—å–∏—Ö –æ—Ç—Ä—è–¥–æ–≤, —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å –±–µ—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∫–∏ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –∏ —Å–∂–µ—á—å –µ–µ. –í —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–≤—à–µ–º—Å—è –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –æ–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–µ: “–ê –≤ —Ä–æ—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å–µ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—å –∏ –Ω–∞ –ø—ã—Ç–∫–µ —Ç–≤–æ–µ–º—É –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤—É –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–µ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏ –∞—Ç–∞–º–∞–Ω—ã –∏ –ª–∏—Ç–≤–∞, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–∞–ª–∏ –≤–µ—Å—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥—É, –Ω–∞ –£–≤–µ–∫ –∏ –Ω–∞ –Ø–∏–∫ –∫ –∞—Ç–∞–º–∞–Ω–∞–º –∏ –∫ –∏—Ö —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–∞–º –∏ –≤–µ–ª–µ–ª–∏ –±—ã—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ–º… –∫ —Ç–≤–æ–µ–º—É –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–≤—É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—É –∫ –°–æ–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º—É –Ω–∞ –û–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–µ–≤ –¥–µ–Ω—å —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –ë–æ–∂–∏—è –∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –ë–ª–∞–≥–æ–≤–µ—â–µ–Ω—å–µ–≤ –¥–µ–Ω—å, –∞ –Ω–µ –±—É–¥—É—Ç –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ —Å—Ä–æ–∫–∏… –≤–æ–¥–∞ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∞, –¥–∞ –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥—É –∏ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –ø–æ–±–∏—Ç—å –∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –∂–∂–µ—á”. –ó–∞–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏–ª—Å—è, –ø–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∫—É –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ö–≤–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏, –∞ –∫–∞–∑–∞–∫–æ–≤, —Å–∏–¥–µ–≤—à–∏—Ö –≤ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Ç—é—Ä—å–º–µ, –∫–∞–∑–Ω–∏–ª–∏. –°–º—É—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ XVII –≤–µ–∫–∞ –Ω–∞–Ω–µ—Å–ª–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—à–Ω—ã–π —É—Ä–æ–Ω –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –ò–∑ —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö –Ω–æ–≤–æ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–∞ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ – –¶–∞—Ä–∏—Ü—ã–Ω–∞, –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤–∞ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã – —É—Ü–µ–ª–µ–ª —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–π. –î—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–æ–∂–∂–µ–Ω—ã “–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –∫–∞–∑–∞–∫–∞–º–∏”. –í 1614 –≥–æ–¥—É —Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏, –ø–æ—Å–ª–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –≤–Ω–∏–∑ –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –¥–ª—è –±–æ—Ä—å–±—ã —Å –∞–≤–∞–Ω—Ç—é—Ä–æ–π –ò. –ó–∞—Ä—É—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ, —É–≤–∏–¥–µ–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤–∞ –ø–µ–ø–µ–ª–∏—â–µ.
–ù–æ –∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–º—É—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –∏ —Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑ –ø–æ–¥–≤–µ—Ä–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω–æ–π –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —É–≥—Ä–æ–∑–µ. –í 40-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö XVII –≤–µ–∫–∞ –Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –Ω–∞–ø–∞–ª–∏ –∫–∞–ª–º—ã–∫–∏. –í 1646 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–∏—Å—å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –ø–∏—Å—Ü–æ–≤–∞—è –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∞. –ü–æ —ç—Ç–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–∏—Å–∏ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –±—ã–ª–æ 137 –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ 356 –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∞ (–±–µ–∑ —á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω–∞). –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –ø–æ –ø–æ–¥—Å—á–µ—Ç–∞–º –∞–∫–∞–¥–µ–º–∏–∫–∞ –ú. –ù. –¢–∏—Ö–æ–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞, –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–µ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å—Ç–æ—è–ª –µ—â–µ 81 –¥–≤–æ—Ä. –ü–æ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫—É –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –¥–≤–æ—Ä (–∞ —ç—Ç–æ –∏–∑–±–∞, –¥–≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∏, –æ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥) –≤ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º –∏–º–µ–ª –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å –ø—Ä–∏–±–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤ 400 –∫–≤–∞–¥—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤, —Ç–æ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ, —Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Å—Ç–µ—Å–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞, –±–µ–∑ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Å–∞–Ω–∏—Ç–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—ã–≤–æ–≤. –í 1670 –≥–æ–¥—É —á–∏—Å–ª–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å–ª–æ –¥–æ 700 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–∞. –°–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –∑–∞ 24 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —É–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –¥–≤–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–∞. –≠—Ç–æ –ª–∏—à–Ω–µ–µ –¥–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ —Å–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ –≤–µ–∫–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —É—Å–∏–ª–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Å–≤–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫–µ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏, –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∞—è –∏–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å –≤–∞–∂–Ω—É—é —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–µ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é —Ä–æ–ª—å –≤ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ø–æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—É–Ω–∫—Ç–∞.
–í —Ç–æ–º –∂–µ 1670 –≥–æ–¥—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–ª–∞ –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –†–∞–∑–∏–Ω—â–∏–Ω—ã, –æ —á–µ–º –≤ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö—Å—è –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ö –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ª—é–±–æ–ø—ã—Ç–Ω–∞—è –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—å: “–î–∞ –∏—é–Ω—è –≤ 15 –¥–µ–Ω—å –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –∫ –Ω–∞–º, –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º—É –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—é, —Å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫ –ò–≤–∞–Ω –ê–ª—Ñ–∏–º–æ–≤. –ú–∞—è –¥–µ –≤ 31 –¥–µ–Ω—å –≤ –ø—è—Ç–æ–º —á–∞—Å—É –¥–Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ –ø–æ–¥ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –≤–æ–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏, –∫–∞–ª–º—ã–∫–∏ –∏ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –±–∞—à–∫–∏—Ä—Ü—ã, –∏–∑–≥–æ–Ω–æ–º –∏ –ø–æ–¥ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–º –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–±—ã —Ä–∞–∑–ª–æ–º–∞–ª–∏. –ò –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–º–∏ –ª—é–¥—å–º–∏ –≤—ä–µ—Ö–∞–≤ –≤ –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–±—ã –∏ —É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–¥ –í–æ–∑–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ—é —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥–æ—é, –ª–æ—à–∞–¥–∏ –∏ –∂–∏–≤–æ—Ç–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç–∞–¥–∞ –æ—Ç–æ–≥–Ω–∞–ª–∏ –¥–∞ –≤ –ø–æ–ª–æ–Ω –≤–∑—è–ª–∏ –¥–≤—É—Ö —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –ø–∞—Å—Ç—É—Ö–æ–≤. –ò –æ—Ç–æ–≥–Ω–∞–≤ —Ç–µ —Å—Ç–∞–¥–∞, –≤ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–±–∞—Ö —Å–æ–∂–≥–ª–∏ 2 –±–∞—à–Ω–∏. –ò —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –≤ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–∏ –æ—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –≤–µ—Ä—Å—Ç—ã –ø–æ 3 –∏ –ø–æ 4, –∏ –≤–∏–¥–∞—é—Ç –∏—Ö –ø–æ–¥ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–º –ø–æ –≤—Å—è –¥–Ω–∏”. –ù–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ –∫ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ –∏ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏—è –º–µ–∂–¥—É –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º–∏. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π —Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏ XVII –≤–µ–∫–∞ –∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –°–∞–≤–≤–æ-–°—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä—è –≤—ã–∂–≥–ª–∏ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∂–∫–∏, –≤—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–µ –º–µ–∂–¥—É –í–æ–ª–≥–æ–π –∏ –£—Å–æ–π –¥–ª—è –æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –õ—É–∫–∏ –æ—Ç –Ω–∞–ø–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –∫–æ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤.
–ö –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—É XVIII –≤–µ–∫–∞ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –¥–ª–∏–Ω—É 822 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏, –∏ –≤ —à–∏—Ä–∏–Ω—É – 162 —Å–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏. –ñ–∏–ª—ã–µ –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∞–ª—ã –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥–∞ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å –≤ 33 —Ç—ã—Å—è—á–∏ –∫–≤–∞–¥—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤. –ò –∫–∞–∫ —Ä–∞–∑ –∫ 1700 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—Å—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –ø–æ-–Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–º—É –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ, –æ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –¥–æ –Ω–∞—à–∏—Ö –¥–Ω–µ–π —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–º –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤–µ –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏—Ö –∞–∫—Ç–æ–≤. –í –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ö –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–∞ –æ–± —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∞—è –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—å: “–í –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä, —Å–≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑–±—ã”. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º –±—ã–ª–∏ —É–Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ–∂–µ–Ω—ã –∏ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∞–∫—Ç—ã –æ–± –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –ï—â–µ –∏–∑ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ –æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–æ—à–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞ 1700 –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, —Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ñ–∏–∫–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∫–∞, –∏–ª–∏ –∫—Ä–µ–º–ª—è, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç–µ–Ω—ã. –û–± —ç—Ç–æ–º –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–ª —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∞ –ê. –ò. –ö—É—à–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–ö—Ä–µ–º–ª—å –∏ –ø–∞–ª–∏—Å–∞–¥ –∑–≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª–∏ –±–µ–∑ –æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∫—É”.
–ò–∑-–∑–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞, —É–Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ–∂–∏–≤—à–µ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä—É–∫–æ–ø–∏—Å–∏, –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–µ–ª—å–∑—è –±—ã–ª–æ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å —Ç–æ—á–Ω—É—é –¥–∞—Ç—É –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –ù–µ—É–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —á–µ—Ç–≤–µ—Ä—Ç—å –≤–µ–∫–∞ –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –≤–æ–µ–≤–æ–¥–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º—É –≤ 1728 –≥–æ–¥—É –±—ã–ª–æ –ø–æ—Ä—É—á–µ–Ω–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–ª: “–°–∫–æ–ª—å –¥–∞–≤–Ω–æ –∏ –æ—Ç –∫–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–ª—É—á–∞—è –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω, –ø–æ–¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ —Ç–æ–º –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏—è –≤–∑—è—Ç—å –Ω–µ–≥–¥–µ, –ø–æ–Ω–µ–∂–µ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª—ã—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—ã —Å –∏–º–µ—é—â–∏–º–∏—Å—è –≤ –Ω–∏—Ö –≤—Å—è–∫–∏–º–∏ –≥—Ä–∞–º–æ—Ç—ã –∏ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã –∑–≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª–∏”. –í –º–∞–µ 1703 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –º–∏–º–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –ø—Ä–æ–ø–ª—ã–≤–∞–ª –≥–æ–ª–ª–∞–Ω–¥—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—É—Ç–µ—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –∏ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫ –ö–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–ª–∏–π –¥–µ –ë—Ä—É–∏–Ω, –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–≤—à–∏–π —Ä–∏—Å—É–Ω–æ–∫ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –∏ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Å–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ –Ω–µ–º. –í–æ—Ç —á—Ç–æ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –≥–æ–ª–ª–∞–Ω–¥–µ—Ü –æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–µ: “–≠—Ç–æ—Ç –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ–±—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω, –≤–µ—Å—å –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∏ –¥–æ–º–∏—à–∫–∏ –≤ –Ω–µ–º –ø–ª–æ—Ö–∏–µ. –°—Ç–µ–Ω—ã, —Å–Ω–∞–±–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –±–∞—à–Ω—è–º–∏, —Ç–æ–∂–µ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∏ —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã —Å—É—à–∏ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏. –ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –≤—Å—é –≥–æ—Ä—É, –∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–º–µ—Å—Ç—å–µ —Ç—è–Ω–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–¥–æ–ª—å —Ä–µ—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥–∞… –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–ª—ã–≤–µ—à—å –º–∏–º–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –≤–∏–¥–∏—à—å –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ –≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∞, –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏—Ö —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤–µ–π –∏ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –º–æ–Ω–∞—Å—Ç—ã—Ä–µ–π…”
–ù–æ –ö–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–ª–∏–π –¥–µ –ë—Ä—É–∏–Ω, –≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ, —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–∏–∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∏ –Ω–µ —É–∑–Ω–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ –±—É–∫–≤–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –æ–¥–Ω—É-–¥–≤–µ –Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –µ–≥–æ –ø—É—Ç–µ—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –ø–æ –í–æ–ª–≥–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—É –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥ –∫–∞—Ç–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ—Ñ–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä. –°–µ–π—á–∞—Å —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ 1703 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–≥–æ–Ω—å –æ—Ö–≤–∞—Ç–∏–ª —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏ – –±–∞—à–Ω–∏ –∏ –±–∞—Å—Ç–∏–æ–Ω—ã, –∞ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥ –∏ —Å–ª–æ–±–æ–¥—ã, —Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ, –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–Ω—É—Ç—ã–º–∏. –ù–æ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω—ã –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –Ω–µ–∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏, —Ö–æ—Ç—è, –≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ, –≤—Å–µ —Å–ª—É—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –∏–∑-–∑–∞ –Ω–µ–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–∞–º–∏—Ö –∂–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞ 1703 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–æ—Å—å –∑–∞–Ω–æ–≤–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å –≤—Å—é –æ–±–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –ö–∞–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Å—Å–∞—Ä –°–µ—Ä–≥–µ–µ–≤ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ –µ–≤—Ä–æ–ø–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–º—É –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑—Ü—É, –Ω–æ —Å —É—á–µ—Ç–æ–º –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∏—Ü–∏–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–æ–¥—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å, –∏–º–µ–≤—à—É—é –≤ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ–∑–µ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—É —Ä–æ–º–±–∞, –æ–Ω –≤–æ–∑–≤–µ–ª –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–º –º–µ—Å—Ç–µ, –≤ 200-—Ö –º–µ—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–≤–µ—Ä–æ-–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫ –æ—Ç —Å–≥–æ—Ä–µ–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –∫—Ä–µ–º–ª—è. –í–Ω–æ–≤—å –≤–æ–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞ —Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ñ–∏–∫–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –º–æ–≥–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç—å –ª—é–±—ã–º –Ω–∞–ø–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è–º –Ω–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–æ–π—Å–∫ – —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤.
–í –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –±—ã–ª –æ–±–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω –∑–µ–º–ª—è–Ω—ã–º –≤–∞–ª–æ–º –∏ –æ–∫—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–∏–º —Ä–≤–æ–º. –ó–µ–º–ª—è–Ω–æ–π –≤–∞–ª –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–ª—Å—è –±–ª–∏–∑ –ü—Ä–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤–∏ –∏ —Ç—è–Ω—É–ª—Å—è –ø—Ä–∏–±–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø–æ —Ä–∞–π–æ–Ω—É —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–∞–¥–∞ –∏ –£—Å–ø–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π —É–ª–∏—Ü–µ, —Ç–∞–º, –≥–¥–µ –Ω—ã–Ω–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –•–ª–µ–±–Ω–∞—è –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—å. –ü–ª—é—Å –∫ —Ç–æ–º—É –ø–æ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ç—Ä—É –∫—Ä–µ–º–ª—è –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ —Å–≥–æ—Ä–µ–≤—à–∏—Ö –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω “–∑–µ–º–ª—è–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞–º–æ–∫”, –∞ –ø–æ —É–≥–ª–∞–º –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–æ–º–±–∞ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∫—Ä—É–≥–ª—ã–µ –∑–µ–º–ª—è–Ω—ã–µ –±–∞—Å—Ç–∏–æ–Ω—ã. –£–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–∏–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∂–∏–ª—É—é –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫—É –æ—Ç –∫–æ—á–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–ø–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –∏–∑-–∑–∞ —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã, —Å–æ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã —é–∂–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–π, –∞ –±–∞—Å—Ç–∏–æ–Ω—ã –Ω–µ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–ø–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–∏–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –º–µ–∂–¥—É—Ä–µ—á—å–µ –í–æ–ª–≥–∏ –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã. –° 30-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ XVIII –≤–µ–∫–∞, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ù–æ–≤–æ–π –ó–∞–∫–∞–º—Å–∫–æ–π, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–∏–Ω–∏–π, –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –±—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ –∑–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ–≤–æ–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ó–∞–≤–æ–ª–∂—å—è. –ö —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∞ —É–∂–µ –ø–æ—Ç–µ—Ä—è–ª–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—É–Ω–∫—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –±—ã—Ç—å –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç—å—é.