–ü—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—ã –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –¥–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ XX –≤–µ–∫–∞
–ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –Ω–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–µ –∞–∫—Ç—ã –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å–∏, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞ –±–æ—Ä—å–±—É —Å –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞–º–∏ –∏ –ø–æ–¥–∂–∏–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏, —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω—ã —Å –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º –∫–Ω—è–∑—è –Ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–∞ –ú—É–¥—Ä–æ–≥–æ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ XI –≤–µ–∫–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª —Å–∞–º—ã–π —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–∏–π –∏–∑ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ —Å–≤–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –ø–æ–¥ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º “–†—É—Å—Å–∫–∞—è –ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞”. –í —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–≤–æ–¥–µ, –≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –±—ã–ª–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∞—è –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å—å: “–û–∂–µ –∑–∞–∂–∂–µ—Ç –∫—Ç–æ –≥—É–º–Ω–æ, —Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–∫ –∏ –Ω–∞ –≥—Ä–∞–±–µ–∂ –¥–æ–º –µ–≥–æ, –ø—Ä–µ–∂ –ø–∞–≥—É–±—É —Ä–∞—Å–ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏–≤—à–µ, –∞ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü –∫–Ω—è–∑—é –ø–æ—Ç–æ—á–∏–∏—Ç–∏ –∏ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–∂–µ –∞—â–µ –∫—Ç–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä –∑–∞–∂–∂–µ—Ç”. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–¥–∂–∏–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –∏ —á–ª–µ–Ω—ã –µ–≥–æ —Å–µ–º—å–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ —Ä–∞–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –∞ –∏—Ö –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —à–ª–æ –≤ –∫–∞–∑–Ω—É. –ü–æ–∑–¥–Ω–µ–µ –≤ “–ü–æ—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏” –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä–∞ –ú–æ–Ω–æ–º–∞—Ö–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–¥—è—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ–± –æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–≥–Ω—è, –∏ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—ã –æ —Ç–æ–º, –∫–∞–∫ –æ—Ç –Ω–µ–≥–æ —É–±–µ—Ä–µ—á—å—Å—è. –ë–æ–ª–µ–µ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ —Ç–æ–º, –∫–∞–∫ —Å–ø–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ—Ç —Å–æ–∫—Ä—É—à–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å–∏–ª—ã –æ–≥–Ω—è, –≤ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–º –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ—è–≤–ª—è—Ç—å—Å—è —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª–∏–∑–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ “–≤—Å–µ—Ö—Å–≤—è—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ” –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞ 1365 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–π –∫–Ω—è–∑—å –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–π –ò–≤–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—á –ø–æ–≤–µ–ª–µ–≤–∞–µ—Ç —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å –ö—Ä–µ–º–ª—å –∏–∑ –æ–≥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–∞ – –∏–∑ –±–µ–ª–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞–º–Ω—è. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Å —Ç–æ–π –ø–æ—Ä—ã –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É –∏ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∞—Ç—å “–±–µ–ª–æ–∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π”. –í 1434 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–π –∫–Ω—è–∑—å –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏–π –í—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –∏–∑–¥–∞–ª —Ü–µ–ª—ã–π —Ä—è–¥ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∞–∫—Ç–æ–≤, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–Ω –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª –æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º, –Ω–æ –∏ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª, –ø—Ä–∏ –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è—Ö –∏–º –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö – –≤ —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ –≤ –±—ã—Ç—É.
–ü—Ä–∏ –ò–≤–∞–Ω–µ –¢—Ä–µ—Ç—å–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–æ—Ä–º—ã –ø—Ä–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö —Å–æ–æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω—ã –∏ –∫–æ–Ω–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∏–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω—ã. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –ø—Ä–∏ –Ω–µ–º –±—ã–ª –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω “–°—É–¥–µ–±–Ω–∏–∫” 1497 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º, –≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –±—ã–ª–∞ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∞ —Å—É—Ä–æ–≤–∞—è –º–µ—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª—è –ø–æ–¥–∂–∏–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π: “…–∑–∞–∂–∏–≥–∞–ª—å—â–∏–∫—É –∂–∏–≤–æ—Ç–µ –Ω–µ –¥–∞—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∑–Ω–∏—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω–æ–π –∫–∞–∑–Ω—å—é”. –í 1504 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ-—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–µ–≤–∞—è –æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∞ – —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–µ “—Ä–µ—à–µ—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—á–∏–∫–∏” –∏ “–æ–±—ä–µ–∑–∂–∏–µ –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã”, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞ —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω –Ω–∞ —Ç—É—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ –∏—Ö —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–æ–π. –í —Ç–æ–º –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥—É –±—ã–ª–∏ –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω—ã –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞, –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–≤—à–∏–µ, –≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ø–∏—Ç—å –ª–µ—Ç–æ–º –∏–∑–± –∏ –±–∞–Ω—å –±–µ–∑ –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ–π –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ –Ω—É–∂–¥—ã, –Ω–µ –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç—å –ø–æ –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä–∞–º –æ–≥–Ω—è –≤ –¥–æ–º–∞—Ö (–≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –Ω–µ –∑–∞–∂–∏–≥–∞—Ç—å –ª—É—á–∏–Ω—ã, –ª–∞–º–ø–∞–¥—ã –∏ —Å–≤–µ—á–∏), –∞ –∫—É–∑–Ω–µ—Ü–∞–º, –≥–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ä–∞–º, –æ—Ä—É–∂–µ–π–Ω–∏–∫–∞–º, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –¥–ª—è –∏—Ö —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–∞ –Ω—É–∂–µ–Ω –æ–≥–æ–Ω—å, –≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–≤–æ–∏ –¥–µ–ª–∞ –ø–æ–¥–∞–ª—å—à–µ –æ—Ç –∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–π. –í –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π —á–µ—Ä—Ç–µ –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Å—Ç–µ–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω—ã–º. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å–∏ –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤—Å—è—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–µ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∫—É—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ç–∞–±–∞–∫–∞, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –∏ —Å —Ü–µ–ª—å—é –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Ç–≤—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤.
–£–∂–µ—Å—Ç–æ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–ª–∂–∏–ª –∏ –ò–≤–∞–Ω –ì—Ä–æ–∑–Ω—ã–π. –ö–∞–∫ —ç—Ç–æ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å–∏, –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥–æ–º –¥–ª—è –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤—Å–ø–ª–µ—Å–∫–∞ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª –æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–æ—à–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä 1547 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é —É–Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ–∂–∏–≤—à–∏–π –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ. –°—Ä–∞–∑—É –∂–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –≤—ã—à–µ–ª —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π —É–∫–∞–∑, —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º—É –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω–∞–º –∑–∞–ø—Ä–µ—â–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ª–µ—Ç–æ–º —Ç–æ–ø–∏—Ç—å –ø–µ—á–∏ –≤ –¥–æ–º–∞—Ö. –ê —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∏–∫—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –Ω–∞—Ä—É—à–∞–ª, —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –Ω–∞–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—á–∏ –≤–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∏. –ü—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∏—Ç—å –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–ø–æ—Å–ª—É—à–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω –±—ã–ª–æ –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ: –≤–µ–¥—å –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–æ–≥—Ä–µ—Ç–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–Ω–∫–µ –ø–µ—á–∏ –≤–æ—Å–∫ –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª —Ä–∞—Å–ø–ª–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å—Å—è… –ù–æ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–º –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –ò–≤–∞–Ω –ì—Ä–æ–∑–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–º –æ—Ç–Ω—é–¥—å –Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª—Å—è. –í 1571 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω –ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π —É–∫–∞–∑, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –µ—â–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —É–∂–µ—Å—Ç–æ—á–∏–ª –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω —Å –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–º –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º. –í —É–∫–∞–∑–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å “–ª–µ—Ç–æ–º –æ–±–µ–¥ –∏ –∫—É—à–∞–Ω—å—è —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–µ –≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –æ—á–∞–≥–∞—Ö, —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Å–æ–±–æ –∏ —É–º–µ–ª–æ –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö, –≤ –æ—Ç–¥–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –æ—Ç –¥–æ–º–æ–≤ –∏ –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–π”. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –¥–∞–∂–µ —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –æ—á–∞–≥–∏ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ —Å–≤–µ—Ç–ª–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å—É—Ç–æ–∫ – —Å 1 –¥–æ 4 —á–∞—Å–æ–≤ –¥–Ω—è. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–æ–≤, –∫–∞—Å–∞—é—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –±–æ—Ä—å–±—ã —Å –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞–º–∏ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö, —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—è–º–∏ –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑ –∏–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–µ –Ω–æ—Ä–º—ã –∏ –¥–ª—è —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è.
–í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≤ 1583 –≥–æ–¥—É –ò–≤–∞–Ω –ì—Ä–æ–∑–Ω—ã–π —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —É–∫–∞–∑–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ –≤—Å—é —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é –†—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –∏, –∫—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–ª —ç—Ç–∏ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –∞–∫—Ç—ã –Ω–æ–≤—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Å —Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –∑–∞–ø—Ä–µ—â–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Ä–∞—Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –∫–æ—Å—Ç—Ä—ã –≤ –ª–µ—Å–∞—Ö, –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç—å –≤–±–ª–∏–∑–∏ –ø–µ—á–µ–π –∏ –Ω–∞ —á–µ—Ä–¥–∞–∫–∞—Ö —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –¥–æ–º–æ–≤ –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ —Å–≥–æ—Ä–∞–µ–º—ã–µ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—ã, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å —Å–æ —Å–≤–µ—á–∞–º–∏ –∏ –ª—É—á–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏ –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–∏ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏ –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–º –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö. –ü—Ä–∏ –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å–µ –ì–æ–¥—É–Ω–æ–≤–µ –±—ã–ª –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–∏–Ω —É–∫–∞–∑ –æ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—è—Ö, –≥–¥–µ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å: “–ê –ø–æ–µ–ª–∏–∫—É –∫—Ç–æ –ø–æ –ª–µ–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–±—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –±–µ–¥–µ –∑–∞—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∞ –Ω–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç –∏ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä —É—á–∏–Ω–∏—Ç, —Ç–æ –±—ã—Ç—å —Ç–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ –∏ –≤—Å–µ–Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω—É…” –í –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤ 1603 –≥–æ–¥—É –ë–æ—Ä–∏—Å –ì–æ–¥—É–Ω–æ–≤ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏–ª –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞ “–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç –æ–≥–Ω—è” —á–ª–µ–Ω–æ–≤ –ë–æ—è—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –î—É–º—ã –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–∏–ª –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –Ω–∞ 11 –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–∫—Ä—É–≥–æ–≤, –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≤–æ–∑–≥–ª–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏–¥–≤–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –≤ —Ä–æ–ª–∏ —Ä—è–¥–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—å—Ü—ã, —á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥–∞–ª–∞ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏ —Ç—ã—Å—è—á. –í–æ–æ–±—â–µ-—Ç–æ –Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–µ—Ü–∫–æ–µ –≤–æ–π—Å–∫–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –≤–æ–∑–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–æ –µ—â–µ —Å 1550 –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ —Å —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ –µ–≥–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è. –ö —Ç—É—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—å—Ü–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª–∏ –≤–ø–ª–æ—Ç—å –¥–æ –ª–∏–∫–≤–∏–¥–∞—Ü–∏–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–µ—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ–π—Å–∫–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–º –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º –≤ 1698 –≥–æ–¥—É.
–ê –ø—Ä–∏ —Ü–∞—Ä–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–µ –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–∏—á–µ, –≤ 1649 –≥–æ–¥—É, –±—ã–ª —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–µ–Ω –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π —Å–≤–æ–¥ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –†—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ “–°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ –£–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ”. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫ –Ω–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã—Ö –∞–∫—Ç–æ–≤ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ —Ç—ã—Å—è—á–∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–π, —Ä–µ–≥–ª–∞–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä—É—é—â–∏—Ö –≤—Å–µ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∏ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏. –í —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –≤ –Ω–µ–≥–æ –≤–æ—à–µ–ª –∏ “–ù–∞–∫–∞–∑ –æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–º –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—á–∏–Ω–∏–∏”, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª –∏ –æ–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –¥–ª—è –≤—Å–µ—Ö –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—É–ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤. –ü–æ–≤—Ç–æ—Ä—è—è —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–π —Å—á–µ—Ç –≤—Å–µ—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–∂–Ω–∏—Ö —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä–µ–π, –ù–∞–∫–∞–∑ –≤–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç –∏ –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –º–µ—Ä—ã –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏: “–í –ª–µ—Ç–Ω–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –ø–µ—á–∏ –≤ –æ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö, –ø–æ–¥–∞–ª—å—à–µ –æ—Ç –∂–∏–ª—å—è, –∏ —Å –ø–æ–¥–≤–µ—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –æ–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞—Ç—å –∏—Ö –ª—É–±—å–µ–º; –≤ –ø–æ–≤–∞—Ä–Ω—è—Ö –∏ –ø–µ—á–∞—Ö —Ö–ª–µ–±—ã –ø–µ—á—å –∏ –µ—Å—Ç—å –≤–∞—Ä–∏—Ç—å —Å –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ —á–∞—Å—É –¥–Ω—è –¥–æ —á–µ—Ç–≤–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≥–æ —á–∞—Å—É –¥–Ω—è”. –ê –µ—â–µ –≤ “–°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–º –£–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏”, –≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è –Ω–∞–π–º–∞ –∫–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ-–ª–∏–±–æ –∂–∏–ª–∏—â–∞ –µ–≥–æ —Å—ä–µ–º—â–∏–∫–æ–º, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –æ–≥–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –∂–∏–ª–µ—Ü, –≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–π –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω –Ω–µ—É–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Å–∂–µ–≥ –¥–≤–æ—Ä, –±—ã–ª –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω —É–ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å —Ö–æ–∑—è–∏–Ω—É –µ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, “–°–æ–±–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ –£–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ” –ø—Ä–µ–¥—É—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ —Å—É—Ä–æ–≤—É—é —É–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–Ω—É—é –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞ —É–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–¥–∂–æ–≥–∏. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –∂–µ—Å—Ç–æ–∫–∏–µ –º–µ—Ä—ã –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ–±—É—Å–ª–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ–≥–Ω—è –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–∫—É—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ—Å–≥–æ—Ä–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π–∫–∞—Ö –≤ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≤–µ–∫–æ–≤–æ–π –†—É—Å–∏.
–í –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã –æ –±–æ—Ä—å–±–µ —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è–º–∏ –∏–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –≤ 1667 –∏ 1675 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö. –û–Ω–∏ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∏ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è: “–ê –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –±—É–¥—É—Ç –Ω–µ–ø–æ—Å–ª—É—à–Ω—ã –∏ —É—á–∏–Ω—è—Ç—å –∏–∑–±—ã –∏ –º—ã–ª—å–Ω–∏ —Ç–æ–ø–∏—Ç—å —Å–∞–º–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º, –∏ —Å –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä—É –ø–æ–∑–¥–Ω–æ —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º —Å–∏–¥–µ—Ç—å, –∏–ª–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –¥–ª—è —É–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∂ –ª—é–¥–µ–π –¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ —É—á–Ω—É—Ç, —Ç–æ —á–µ—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –≤—Å—è–∫–∏—Ö –æ–±—ã—á–Ω—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –±–∏—Ç—å –±–∞—Ç–æ–≥–∞–º–∏, –æ—Ç—Å—ã–ª–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –≤ —Ç—é—Ä—å–º—É, –∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–≤—ã—Ö –∏ –Ω–∞ –≤—Å—è–∫–∏—Ö –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π —Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–æ –Ω–∞ –Ω–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—å –≤ –ó–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑”. –û–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–∏–º–∏ –∂–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–º–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å “–≤–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞—Ö, –¥–ª—è –±–µ—Ä–µ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ—Ç –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏, –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç—å –º–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –∏ –∫–∞–¥–∏ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ —Å –≤–æ–¥–æ—é, –∏ –ø–æ–º–µ–ª—ã, –∏ –≤–µ–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –ê –≤–µ–¥—Ä–∞ –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞—Ö –±—ã–ª–∏ –±—ã –Ω–∞–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–µ, –∞ –æ–±—ä–µ–∑–∂–∏–º —É—á–∏–Ω–∏—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ–º—É —ç—Ç–æ–º—É —Ä–æ—Å–ø–∏—Å—å”. –ü—Ä–∞–≤–∏–≤—à–∏–π –≤—Å–ª–µ–¥ –∑–∞ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–µ–º –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤–∏—á–µ–º –µ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—à–∏–π —Å—ã–Ω –§–µ–¥–æ—Ä –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–µ–µ–≤–∏—á, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –∏ –∏–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã –æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–∏–ª–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ –æ –±–æ—Ä—å–±–µ —Å –Ω–∏–º–∏, –Ω–µ –≤–Ω–µ—Å –Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≤ –¥–µ–ª–æ “–±–µ—Ä–µ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ—Ç –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è”. –¢–∞–∫–∂–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ —Ä–∞–Ω—å—à–µ, –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π —Å–∞–º–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–µ—Ü –∑–∞–ø—Ä–µ—â–∞–ª —Ç–æ–ø–∏—Ç—å –ª–µ—Ç–æ–º –ø–µ—á–∏. –ë–∞–Ω—è–º–∏ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ –∫ —Ç–æ–º—É –∂–µ —Å —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ–≤—ã –∏–ª–∏ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è. –í –¥–æ–º–∞—Ö –≤ —Ç–µ–º–Ω–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å —Ñ–æ–Ω–∞—Ä—è–º–∏, –∞ –Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫ –Ω–µ —Å –ª—É—á–∏–Ω–æ–π –∏–ª–∏ —Å–æ —Å–≤–µ—á–∞–º–∏.
–ê –≤–æ—Ç –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π, —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–π —Ü–∞—Ä—å, —Ä–µ—à–∏–ª –±–æ—Ä–æ—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–∏–µ–π –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–≤—Å–µ–º –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–µ, –Ω–µ–∂–µ–ª–∏ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤—É—é –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—å –æ–Ω —Å—Ç–∞–ª —É–¥–µ–ª—è—Ç—å –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É: —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ – –°–∞–Ω–∫—Ç-–ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —á–µ–≥–æ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö —É–∫–∞–∑–æ–≤ —Å–∞–º–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–µ—Ü —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª –∏ –Ω–∞ –≤—Å—é –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –≤ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä–µ 1701 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –ø–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª —É–∫–∞–∑ “–û —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–º –ª—é–¥—è–º –∫–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–æ–º–æ–≤, –∞ –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–º –º–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∫–∏”. –ù–µ–≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞ –≤–ª–µ–∫–ª–æ –∑–∞ —Å–æ–±–æ–π —Ç–µ–ª–µ—Å–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –∞ –¥–ª—è –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ – “–≤–µ–ª–∏–∫—É—é –ø–µ–Ω—é”, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å —à—Ç—Ä–∞—Ñ. –ê –≤–æ—Ç –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –¥–æ–º–∞ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å –ª–∏—à—å –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∞–º–∏ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –∏ –ø—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ “–ø–æ–∑–µ–º–Ω—ã–µ” (–æ–¥–Ω–æ—ç—Ç–∞–∂–Ω—ã–µ). –í –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–º –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—å, —É–∂–µ —Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏–π –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –í—Å–µ—Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–º, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª —Å–≤–æ–∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–µ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∏ –≤—Å—è—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª –æ—Ç “–ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö”, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ–Ω–∏ –≤—ã–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∏—Å—å “–Ω–µ —Ç–æ–∫–º–æ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –∏ –°–∞–Ω–∫—Ç-–ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ, –Ω–æ –∏ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –∏ —Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö”. –ü—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ, –≤ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–µ—à–∞–ª–∏ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å –ø–µ—á–∏ –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –¥–æ–º–∞—Ö —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ—Å–≥–æ—Ä–∞–µ–º–æ–º —Ñ—É–Ω–¥–∞–º–µ–Ω—Ç–µ. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–∞–º–∞ –ø–µ—á—å –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–∞ –±—ã—Ç—å –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∞ –æ—Ç —Å—Ç–µ–Ω—ã –¥–æ–º–∞ –Ω–µ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ –∫–∞–∫ –¥–≤—É–º—è –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–∞–º–∏. –¢–µ–º –∂–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –¥–æ–º–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å “–ø–æ–¥–º–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –≥–ª–∏–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ—Ç–æ–ª–∫–∏” –∏ —É–∂–µ –∏–º–µ—é—â–∏–µ—Å—è –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏—è –∑–∞–º–µ–Ω—è—Ç—å –Ω–∞ —á–µ—Ä–µ–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç –æ–≥–Ω—è.
–í 1698 –≥–æ–¥—É –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –ª–∏–∫–≤–∏–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–µ—Ü–∫–æ–µ –≤–æ–π—Å–∫–æ. –ù–∞—á–∞–≤ —Å—Ä–∞–∑—É –∂–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ä–µ–≥—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—É—é –∞—Ä–º–∏—é, –æ–Ω —Ç—É—Ç –∂–µ –≤–æ–∑–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª –Ω–∞ –∞—Ä–º–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ –±–æ—Ä—å–±–µ —Å –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞–º–∏, —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∏–≤—à–∏—Å—å —Å–Ω–∞–±–¥–∏—Ç—å –∏—Ö –¥–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã–º –∏–Ω–≤–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ä–µ–º. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –Ω–∞ –ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–º –æ–ø—ã—Ç–µ –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä —É–∂–µ –≤—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ —É–±–µ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤–æ–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–∏—Å—Ü–∏–ø–ª–∏–Ω—ã –¥–ª—è —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–π –±–æ—Ä—å–±—ã —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–∏–µ–π –º–∞–ª–æ. –í —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞ –æ—Ç –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–µ—Ä–æ–≤ —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Ä–µ–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å –º–∞—Å—à—Ç–∞–± –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–æ–¥—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∫–∞—Ö, –∞ —Ä—è–¥–æ–≤—ã–µ –±–æ–π—Ü—ã –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ—Ç—å –Ω–∞–≤—ã–∫–∞–º–∏ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ—Ç—É—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–±–æ—Ä–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ü–∏–π. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤ 1718 –≥–æ–¥—É –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π —Å–≤–æ–∏–º –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–Ω—ã–º —É–∫–∞–∑–æ–º –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏–ª –≤ –≤–æ–π—Å–∫–∞—Ö –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–µ—Ä–æ–≤, —Ç–µ–º —Å–∞–º—ã–º –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –≤ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–π –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª–∏–≤ –≤ –∞—Ä–º–∏–∏ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –≤–æ–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥—ã. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ –¥–ª—è —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö –≤–æ–π—Å–∫ –±—ã–ª –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–π —Å–∏–≥–Ω–∞–ª –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π —Ç—Ä–µ–≤–æ–≥–∏: –≤—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª –∏–∑ –ø—É—à–∫–∏. –°–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é, –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–≤—à–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä –∞—Ä–º–µ–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π —Å—Ä–∞–∑—É –∂–µ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç—Ä–∏ –æ—Ç—Ä—è–¥–∞: –¥–ª—è –Ω–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –±–æ—Ä—å–±—ã —Å –ø–ª–∞–º–µ–Ω–µ–º, –¥–ª—è –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –≤–æ–¥–æ—Å–Ω–∞–±–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –¥–ª—è –∑–∞—â–∏—Ç—ã —Å–æ—Å–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ—Ç –æ–≥–Ω—è.
–°–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤ –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∞—Ö –∏ –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏—Ö —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥—ã, –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∏–ª—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∫ —Ç—É—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª–∏ –∏ –≤—Å–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –î–ª—è —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–π –∏–Ω–≤–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ä—å –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∏–º–µ—Ç—å “–≤ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º –¥–æ–º–µ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ, –∏ –≤ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ –≤ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ”. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ø–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ü–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏—Ö —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –∑–∞–ª–∏–≤–Ω—ã–µ —Ä—É—á–Ω—ã–µ —Ç—Ä—É–±—ã —Å —Ä—É–∫–∞–≤–∞–º–∏, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –∑–∞–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–∏—â–∞ —Å —Ç–æ–ø–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏, –≤–µ–¥—Ä–∞–º–∏, –ª–æ–º–∞–º–∏, –±–∞–≥—Ä–∞–º–∏, –ª–æ–ø–∞—Ç–∞–º–∏ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º–∏ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏. –í–æ—Ç —á—Ç–æ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –ø–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º —É–∫–∞–∑–µ –æ –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–∫–µ –ø–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ–±—ã–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –≤ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è: “…–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä –±–µ–≥–∞—Ç—å —Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç–∞–º –∏ –ø–æ—Å–∞–¥—Å–∫–∏–º –ª—é–¥—è–º, –∫–æ–º—É –∫—É–¥–∞ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ. –ê –±—É–¥–µ –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ—Ç –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä –ø—Ä–∏–±—É–¥—É—Ç –≤—Å—è–∫–∏–µ –Ω–∏–∂–Ω–∏—Ö —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤ –∏ –±–æ—è—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –≥—É–ª—è—â–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ –±–µ–∑ —Ç–æ–ø–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ –±–µ–∑ –≤–µ–¥–µ—Ä, –∏ –±–µ–∑ –∫–æ—à–µ–ª–µ–π, –∏ –±–µ–∑ –ª–æ–ø–∞—Ç, –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–±–µ–∂–∞–≤, —Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä—É —Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç—å —Å—Ç–∞–Ω—É—Ç, –∞ –Ω–µ –æ—Ç—ã–º–∞—Ç—å, –∏—Ö –æ—Ç —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –æ—Ç—Å—ã–ª–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ—á—å, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –æ—Ç—ã–º–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ –º–µ—à–∞–ª–∏, –∞ –±—É–¥–µ –æ–Ω–∏, –ø—Ä–∏–±–µ–∂–∞–≤ –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ—Ç –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä, —É—á–Ω—É—Ç—å –≤–æ—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—ã –∏ –≤ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ–º—ã, –∏ –≤ –ø–∞–ª–∞—Ç—ã, –∏ –ø–æ –∏–∑–±–∞–º –¥–ª—è —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –≤–æ—Ä–æ–≤—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ –≥—Ä–∞–±–µ–∂–∞, –∏ —Ç–µ—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –∏–º–∞—Ç–∏ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –≤ –°—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–µ—Ü–∫–∏–π –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑ –∏ —á–∏–Ω–∏—Ç—å –∏–º –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–µ –∂–µ—Å—Ç–æ–∫–æ–µ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–µ, –±–∏—Ç—å –∫–Ω—É—Ç–æ–º, –≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä—É, –±–µ–∑ –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–π –ø–æ—â–∞–¥—ã —Å—Å—ã–ª–∞—Ç—å –∏—Ö –≤ —Å—Å—ã–ª–∫—É –Ω–∞ –≤–µ—á–Ω–æ–µ –∂–∏—Ç—å–µ —Å –∂–µ–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∏ –¥–µ—Ç—å–º–∏”.
–ù–µ –∑–∞–±—ã–≤–∞–ª –ü–µ—Ç—Ä I –∏ –æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞—â–∏—Ç–µ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –ª—é–±–∏–º–æ–≥–æ –¥–µ—Ç–∏—â–∞ – —Ñ–ª–æ—Ç–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è, –∫–∞–∫ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ, –±—ã–ª –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ —Ü–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—è–Ω–Ω—ã–º. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —É–∫–∞–∑—ã –∑–∞–ø—Ä–µ—â–∞–ª–∏ —Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ –∫–æ—Ä–∞–±–ª—é —Å–æ —Å–≤–µ—á–∞–º–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–º –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º, –∫—É—Ä–∏—Ç—å —Ç–∞–±–∞–∫, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –±–µ–∑ –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–∑–∏—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ä–∞–±–ª—å —Ç—é—Ñ—è–∫–∏, –º–µ—à–∫–∏ —Å —Å–µ–Ω–æ–º –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ–≤–æ—Å–ø–ª–∞–º–µ–Ω—è—é—â–∏–µ—Å—è –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—ã –∏ –≤–µ—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –í 1722 –≥–æ–¥—É –∑–∞ –Ω–∞—Ä—É—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –∏ –°–∞–Ω–∫—Ç-–ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã –¥–µ–Ω–µ–∂–Ω—ã–µ —à—Ç—Ä–∞—Ñ—ã. –ó–∞ —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∫–∏, –ø–æ–≤–ª–µ–∫—à–∏–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä—ã, “–æ—Å–ª—É—à–Ω–∏–∫–∏ —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö —É–∫–∞–∑–æ–≤” –±—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å “–Ω–∞ –∫–∞—Ä–∞—É–ª”, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –∞—Ä–µ—Å—Ç–æ–≤—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Å—Å—ã–ª–∞–ª–∏—Å—å “–≤ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–∏–µ —Å–∏–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –≤–µ—á–Ω–æ–µ –∂–∏—Ç–∏–µ”. –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –Ω–µ —Ä–∞–∑ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞–ª –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–Ω—É –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω—É –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤: –≤ —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤—è—Ö, –≤ —á–∞—Å–æ–≤–Ω—è—Ö, –≤ —Ç–æ—Ä–≥–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Ä—è–¥–∞—Ö –∏ –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—ã—Ö –¥–æ–º–∞—Ö –∏–∫–æ–Ω—ã –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –∑–∞–≥–æ—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Ç –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –Ω–∏–º–∏ —Å–≤–µ—á–µ–π –∏ –ª–∞–º–ø–∞–¥. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É 29 –∏—é–ª—è 1724 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤—ã—à–µ–ª –æ—á–µ—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –£–∫–∞–∑, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª: –≤ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–º —Å–≤–µ—á–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –∏–∫–æ–Ω–∞–º–∏ –Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∏—Ç —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ —Ñ–æ–Ω–∞—Ä—è—Ö, –∞ —á–∞—Å–æ–≤–Ω–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∏–∑ –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–∞ –∏ –∫–∞–º–Ω—è. –£–∫–∞–∑—ã –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Ä–∞—Ö –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏—è –æ–≥–ª–∞—à–∞–ª–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ —Å—Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏ —Å –±–∞—Ä–∞–±–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º –±–æ–µ–º.
–ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–æ–≤—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ –Ω–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–µ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –Ω–µ –≤–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –ï–∫–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–Ω–µ –í—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π, –Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –ü–∞–≤–ª–µ –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º, –Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–µ –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º. –õ–∏—à—å –ø—Ä–∏ –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º, –≤ 1832 –≥–æ–¥—É, –±—ã–ª —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω “–°–≤–æ–¥ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏”, –≤ —Ç—Ä–µ—Ç—å—é –∫–Ω–∏–≥—É –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ—à–µ–ª “–£—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–π”. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–µ –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ —á–µ—Ç–∫–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –ø–æ–¥—á–∏–Ω—è—Ç—Å—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–º—É –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–º—É —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ 30 –ª–µ—Ç –¥–µ–≤—è—Ç–Ω–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤–µ–∫–∞ –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã –¥–≤–æ–π–Ω–∞—è –æ–ø–µ–∫–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ç—É—Ä–∞–º–∏. –° –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã –æ–Ω–∏ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–º—É –≤–µ–¥–æ–º—Å—Ç–≤—É, –∞ —Å –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π – –∫ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É. –í–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –≤ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–º –≤–æ–∑–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –ª–∏—à—å –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥–±–æ—Ä–∞ —Ä—è–¥–æ–≤—ã—Ö –æ–≥–Ω–µ–±–æ—Ä—Ü–µ–≤ –∏–∑ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω-—Ä–µ–∫—Ä—É—Ç–æ–≤, –ø—Ä–∏–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö –Ω–∞ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Å–ª—É–∂–±—É. –í–æ—Ç —á—Ç–æ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç —Å—á–µ—Ç –≤ “–£—Å—Ç–∞–≤–µ”: “–ü–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–∞—è –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∞ –ø–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –∏–∑ –Ω–∏–∂–Ω–∏—Ö —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤ –í–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–π –°—Ç—Ä–∞–∂–∏. –ù–∏–∂–Ω–∏–µ —á–∏–Ω—ã —Å–∏–∏, –ø–æ —Å–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å –±–∞—Ç–∞–ª—å–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–∏—Ä–æ–º, –ø—Ä–∏—É—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥–≤–∞—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –∫ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—é –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏..” –ö–∞–∫ —É–∂–µ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ –≤—ã—à–µ, –ø—Ä–∏–∑—ã–≤ —Ä–µ–∫—Ä—É—Ç–æ–≤ –∏–∑ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω –≤ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª –µ—â–µ —Å 1702 –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å —Å–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ. –ò –ª–∏—à—å –≤ 1861 –≥–æ–¥—É, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ—Ç–º–µ–Ω—ã –∫—Ä–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞, —ç—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫ –±—ã–ª —É–ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–µ–Ω. “–£—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –ü–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–π” –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª –∏–º–µ—Ç—å —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª—è –±–æ—Ä—å–±—ã —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º –≤ –æ–±–µ–∏—Ö —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∞—Ö, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –ü—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –∏ –°–∞–Ω–∫—Ç-–ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—É—é —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –≤–æ–∑–≥–ª–∞–≤–ª—è–ª –±—Ä–∞–Ω–¥–º–∞–π–æ—Ä, –∞ –≤ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö – –±—Ä–∞–Ω–¥–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä. –£–µ–∑–¥–Ω—ã–º –∏ –∑–∞—à—Ç–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–º –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º, —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ “–£—Å—Ç–∞–≤—É” 1832 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–µ –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å: –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –±–æ—Ä—å–±—ã —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º –≤–æ–∑–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫—É—é –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏—é. –í —ç—Ç–æ–º –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–µ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –∏–º–µ—Ç—å —É–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä-–æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–µ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ –Ω–∏–∂–Ω–∏—Ö —á–∏–Ω–æ–≤, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ª–æ—à–∞–¥–µ–π –∏ –∏–Ω–≤–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ä—è –≤ —Ç–æ–π –∏–ª–∏ –∏–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥–µ, –∫–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º –ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–π —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª –æ–±—É—á–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–º—É –¥–µ–ª—É, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –æ–≥–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –æ–≥–Ω–µ–±–æ—Ä—Ü–µ–≤.
–¢–∞–∫ –∂–µ –≤ “–£—Å—Ç–∞–≤–µ” –±—ã–ª–∏ –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ —á–µ—Ç–∫–æ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω—ã –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∏ –≤ –±—ã—Ç—É: “–í –æ—Ç–≤—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤—Å–µ–º –∏ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –∏ –≤–µ–∑–¥–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –∫—Ä–∞–π–Ω–µ–π –æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏—é..” –í —ç—Ç–æ–º –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –∞–∫—Ç–µ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–π—Ç–∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º –Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–∏ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏: –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –æ–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, –∫–∞–∫ –∑–∞–∂–∏–≥–∞—Ç—å –æ–≥–æ–Ω—å –∏ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –∏–º –≤ –∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö –∫–æ–º–Ω–∞—Ç–∞—Ö –¥–æ–º–æ–≤, –≤ –ø–æ–¥–≤–∞–ª–∞—Ö –∏ –Ω–∞ —á–µ—Ä–¥–∞–∫–∞—Ö, –Ω–∞ –≤–æ–¥–µ –∏ –Ω–∞ —Å—É—à–µ, –≤ —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤—è—Ö –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª—ã—Ö –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞—Ö, –Ω–∞ —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞—Ö –∏ –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥—è—Ö, –ª–µ—Ç–æ–º –∏ –∑–∏–º–æ–π, –Ω–æ—á—å—é –∏ –¥–Ω–µ–º. –û—Å–æ–±–æ –±—ã–ª–∏ –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω—ã —Ä–∞–∑–¥–µ–ª—ã “–£—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞”, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è—Ö –ø—Ä–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π, –æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∞—Ö —Ç—É—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ –≤–æ–∑–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —É–±—ã—Ç–∫–æ–≤, –Ω–∞–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–∏–µ–π. –í 1857 –≥–æ–¥—É, —É–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏ –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–µ –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–µ –í—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º, “–°–≤–æ–¥ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–º –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏” –±—ã–ª –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω, —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω –∏ –¥–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω. –í–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, –≤–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤ –Ω–µ–≥–æ “–£—Å—Ç–∞–≤ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–π” –≤ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–ø–µ–ª –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π, –∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ –≤–ø–ª–æ—Ç—å –¥–æ –æ—Ç–º–µ–Ω—ã —Å–∞–º–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–≤–∏—è –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≤ 1917 –≥–æ–¥—É.