–°—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç –æ–≥–Ω—è –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –≤ XIX – XX –≤–µ–∫–µ
На развитие пожарного дела в России большое влияние оказывало страхование от огня. Первое страховое общество в России было создано в 1827 году. Впоследствии в России возникало много страховых организаций (обществ) — городских и земских, добровольных и обязательных. Как правило, они преследовали чисто коммерческие цели, между ними шла жесткая конкуренция. Наиболее прогрессивными считались земские и городские общества взаимного страхования от огня, действующие на основе общественной взаимопомощи. Коммерческие интересы для них были главными. Основная задача земских и городских обществ взаимного страхования заключалась в оказании материальной помощи погорельцам.
–≠–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∞–Ω–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞–ª–æ –¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç—å –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—É—é –æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∫—É –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É—â–µ—Ä–±–∞. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –ª–∏—à—å –≤ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã—Ö –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∏–ª–∏ –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ –ø–æ–¥—Ä–æ–±–Ω–æ–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏–Ω—Ü–∏–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤. –ö –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—É, —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –∑–∞–∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤–∞–Ω—ã –≤ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏—Å—Ç–∏–Ω—ã –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —Å–ª—É—á–∞—è—Ö, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–ª–æ —Ö–æ—Ç—è –±—ã –º–∞–ª–µ–π—à–µ–µ –ø–æ–¥–æ–∑—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —É–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–¥–∂–æ–≥. –ï—Å–ª–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç —É–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –¥–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, –∏—Ç–æ–≥–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –¥–ª—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–µ –≤—ã–ø–ª–∞—á–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å –ø–æ—Ç–µ—Ä–ø–µ–≤—à–µ–º—É —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—É—é —Å—É–º–º—É. –ü—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã—Ö –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –≤ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ –∏—Ö –∏–∑—É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏. –≠—Ç–æ –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞–ª–æ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–µ –º–µ—Ä–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è –ø–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—É–ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∏–Ω—Ü–∏–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤.
–ë—ã–ª–æ –∏ –µ—â–µ –æ–¥–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–µ—Å—Å–∏–≤–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ: —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –±—É–¥—É—á–∏ –∑–∞–∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –¥–µ–ª–∞, –Ω–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–µ —Ç—â–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∞–Ω–∞–ª–∏–∑–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –≤–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏ –ª—å–≥–æ—Ç—ã –ø–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–º –ø–ª–∞—Ç–µ–∂–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ä—è–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Ä–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏–π. –≠—Ç–∏ –ª—å–≥–æ—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å, –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, –ø—Ä–∏ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ –æ–≥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–∏—Ö –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏–π –≤ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è—Ö –∏ –æ–≥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–∏—Ö –∫—Ä—ã—à, –ø—Ä–∏ –Ω–∞–ª–∏—á–∏–∏ –≤ —Å–ª—É–∂–µ–±–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ –∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö –ø–æ–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –æ–≥–Ω–µ–≥–∞—Å–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤, —Å—Ç–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–≥–Ω–µ–≥–∞—Å–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–æ–∫, –ø—Ä–∏ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–º–∞–Ω–¥—ã. –õ—å–≥–æ—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –∏ –∑–∞ –≤–Ω–µ–¥—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π, —Å–Ω–∏–∂–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—É—é –æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö—É–µ–º–æ–≥–æ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –†–∞–∑—É–º–µ–µ—Ç—Å—è, –∑–Ω–∞—è –æ —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö –ª—å–≥–æ—Ç–∞—Ö, –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü—ã –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏–π –∏ –¥–æ–º–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –∑–∞–∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤–∞–Ω—ã –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –µ–¥–∏–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∑–∞—Ç—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –º–µ—Ä–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è –∏ —Ç–µ–º —Å–∞–º—ã–º —Å–Ω–∏–∑–∏—Ç—å —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–µ –ø–ª–∞—Ç–µ–∂–∏. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º–∞ –¥–∏—Ñ—Ñ–µ—Ä–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –æ–ø–ª–∞—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–µ—Å—Å–∏–≤–Ω—ã—Ö –º–µ—Ä –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–º —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ: –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ–º—É —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—é –æ–≥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–∫, –≤–æ–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–∏ –∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–π –æ–≥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–≥—Ä–∞–¥, –±–µ–∑–æ–ø–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π –ø–ª–∞–Ω–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏–π –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º –∞—Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞—â–∏—Ç—ã.
–ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Ñ–∏–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –º–µ—Ä–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö. –û–Ω–∏ –æ–ø–ª–∞—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤–æ–¥—É, –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ–º—É—é –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –∑–∞ —Å–≤–æ–π —Å—á–µ—Ç –¥–ª—è —Ç—É—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞, –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏—é –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º –∑–∞ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã—Ç–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è, —Å—É–±—Å–∏–¥–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å—Å—É–¥—ã –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±–æ—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è. –í –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –∑–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã—Ö –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤ —Ä–µ–º–æ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –¥–æ—Ä–æ–≥–∏ –∏ –≤–æ–¥–æ–∏—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–∏–∫–∏, –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å—Å—É–¥—ã –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω–∞–º –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–≥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–æ–≤, —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–ª–∏ —Ç—Ä—É–±–æ—á–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤. –ó–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏–º–µ–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ, —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—É, —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∏–±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤–æ–ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –º–µ—Ä–æ–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è –≤ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—É–Ω–∫—Ç–∞—Ö. –ó–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—ã –ø–æ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–º—É –æ–≥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–æ–π–∫–æ–º—É —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É, –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤—É —Ü–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –∏–∑–¥–µ–ª–∏–π, –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º –≤ –≤–æ–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–æ–≤, —Å–æ–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤–Ω–µ–¥—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—é –Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–æ–≤ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –∫—Ä–µ–¥–∏—Ç–Ω—ã–µ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–æ–æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤—ã, –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —É—á–µ–±–Ω—ã–µ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ –ª–∞–±–æ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–æ–≤. –ù–∞ —ç—Ç–∏ —Ü–µ–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Ä–æ–π —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Å—É–º–º—ã: –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, —Å 1905 –ø–æ 1908 –≥–æ–¥—ã –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—á–∏—Å–ª–∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–∏ —Ü–µ–ª–∏ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 14 –º–∏–ª–ª–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤ —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π.
–î–ª—è —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã—Ö –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤—ã–≥–æ–¥–Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É, —á—Ç–æ —Å–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã—Ö –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–π –≤–∑–∏–º–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–≤–∞—è –ø–æ—à–ª–∏–Ω–∞, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–≤—à–∞—è –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Å—É–º–º—É. –ö 1917 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–±—â–∞—è —Å—É–º–º–∞ –æ—Ç—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–æ–π –ø–æ—à–ª–∏–Ω—ã –≤ –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∫–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∞ –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 10 –º–∏–ª–ª–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤ —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, –≤–∑–∏–º–∞—è —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—É—é –ø–æ—à–ª–∏–Ω—É, —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ—Ç —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏—è –≤ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∞—Ö –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–Ω–æ–µ –¥–µ–ª–æ, —Ü–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º –≤–∑–≤–∞–ª–∏–≤ —ç—Ç–æ –±—Ä–µ–º—è –Ω–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –±—é–¥–∂–µ—Ç. –û—Ç—Ä–∏—Ü–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ—Ç –æ–≥–Ω—è –≤ –¥–æ—Ä–µ–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ —è–≤–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å —É–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–¥–∂–æ–≥–∏ –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å–∞–º–∏–º–∏ –µ–≥–æ –≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º–∏ —Å —Ü–µ–ª—å—é –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ –∑–∞–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ–º—É —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—é. –í —Ç–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã —ç—Ç–æ —è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å “—Å–∞–º–æ–ø–æ–¥–∂–æ–≥”. –ñ—É–ª—å–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏—è –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º. –í–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª–µ—Ü –Ω–µ–¥–≤–∏–∂–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –¥–∞–≤–∞–ª –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω—É—é –≤–∑—è—Ç–∫—É –Ω–µ—á–∏—Å—Ç–æ–ø–ª–æ—Ç–Ω–æ–º—É —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–æ–º—É –∞–≥–µ–Ω—Ç—É, —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω–æ–º—É –Ω–∞ –∞–≤–∞–Ω—Ç—é—Ä–Ω—É—é –∫–æ–º–±–∏–Ω–∞—Ü–∏—é. –¢–æ—Ç –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–≤–∞–ª –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–∞ —Å—É–º–º—É, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è –ø–æ—Ä–æ–π –≤ 2‚Äî3 —Ä–∞–∑–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–≤—ã—à–∞–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å.
–ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏—è –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∞ –ø–æ–≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª—å—Ü—É –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∫—É, –ø–æ–¥—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞—é—â—É—é —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç —É–Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –í —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ —Ö–∏—Ç—Ä—ã–π –¥–æ–º–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª–µ—Ü –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª –¥–µ–Ω–µ–∂–Ω–æ–µ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ –≤—ã—à–µ –∏—Å—Ç–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Ü–µ–Ω—ã –µ–≥–æ —Å–≥–æ—Ä–µ–≤—à–µ–π –Ω–µ–¥–≤–∏–∂–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ò–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –º–∞—Ö–∏–Ω–∞—Ü–∏—è—Ö –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ (–∑–∞ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–µ–µ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —Ä–∞–∑—É–º–µ–µ—Ç—Å—è) –∏ –±—Ä–∞–Ω–¥–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∑–∞—Ç—è–≥–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Ç—É—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ —É–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–æ–≤ –∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —É–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ —É–±—ã—Ç–∫–∏, –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ç—É—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º, –∑–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç –Ω–µ–Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ–π —Ä–∞–∑–±–æ—Ä–∫–∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∫—Ü–∏–π, –∑–∞–ª–∏–≤–∫–∏ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤–æ–¥–æ–π, –ø–æ—Ä—á–∏ –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∞–ª–æ–≤. –í —Ä—è–¥–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–π —ç—Ç–∏–º –¥–∞–∂–µ –ø—Ä–æ–º—ã—à–ª—è–ª–∏ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ “—Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç—ã” –∏ —Ü–µ–ª—ã–µ –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—ã –º–∞—Ö–∏–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∑–∞ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é –ø–ª–∞—Ç—É –∏—Å–∫—É—Å–Ω–æ —Å–∂–∏–≥–∞–ª–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –í 1901 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω—ã —Ä–æ—Å—Å–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∏–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–∫—Ä—ã–ª–∏ –¥–≤–µ –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—ã –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–¥–∂–∏–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π – –ö–∏–µ–≤–æ-–í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫—É—é –∏ –ö—Ä–µ–º–µ—á—É–≥–æ-–ë—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ä—Å–∫—É—é, –æ—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ —é–≥–æ-–∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–µ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –ì—Ä—É–ø–ø—ã –∏–º–µ–ª–∏ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–µ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –ø–æ “–æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –¥–µ–ª—É”, –Ω–æ –∏ —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∞–≥–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –∏ –º–∞–∫–ª–µ—Ä–æ–≤. –ó–∞ –ø–æ–¥–∂–æ–≥ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏ –æ—Ç –¥–æ–º–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞ —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Å—É–º–º—É –∏–ª–∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –≤–µ–∫—Å–µ–ª—å; –∫—Ä–æ–º–µ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –∏–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∏–º –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é —Å—É–º–º—É –Ω–∞–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–º–∏ –Ω–∞ “–æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥—ã”.
–ü–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –ê. –ò. –í—å—é—Ä–∫–æ–≤ –≤ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–µ “–ë—É—Ç—ã—Ä–∫–∏” –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–µ—Ç: “–ü–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞–º –Ω–∞ –ë—É—Ç—ã—Ä–∫–∞—Ö —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ —Å–∞–º–∏ –∂–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –í –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –∏—Ö –±—ã–ª–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∫–∞: “–†–æ—Å—Å–∏—è”, “–ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–æ–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ”, “–°–µ–≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ”, “–í–æ–ª–≥–∞”, “–°–∞–ª–∞–º–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞”, “–†—É—Å—å”, “–Ø–∫–æ—Ä—å”, “–ù–∞–¥–µ–∂–¥–∞”, “–ú–µ—Ä–∫—É—Ä–∏–π” –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ. –í—Å–µ –æ–Ω–∏ –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –º–µ–∂–¥—É —Å–æ–±–æ–π, –∏ –∞–≥–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∏—Ö, —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—è –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ–Ω—Ç–∞—Ö, —Ä—ã—Å–∫–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ –≤—Å–µ–π –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –í –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –Ω–µ –∑–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ–º–∞. “–ü–æ–¥–Ω–∞–∂–∏—Ç—å—Å—è” –∑–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–æ—Å—å –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–º—É. –õ–æ–≤–∫–∞—á–∏ –∏ –¥–µ–ª—å—Ü—ã —Å–ø–µ–∫—É–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞—Ö —á—É—Ç—å –ª–∏ –Ω–µ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–æ. –§–∞–±—Ä–∏–∫–∞ –ö—É–∑–º–∏—á–µ–≤–∞, –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ –§–∏–ª–µ–π, —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç–µ–º –∏ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ —Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ –≥–æ—Ä–µ–ª–∞ –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –≥–æ–¥. –†–∞–¥–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏–∏ –ø–æ–¥–∂–∏–≥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –¥–æ–º–∞, –º–∞–≥–∞–∑–∏–Ω—ã, —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥—ã. –í—Å–µ —ç—Ç–æ –≤–∏–¥–µ–ª–∏, –∑–Ω–∞–ª–∏, –Ω–æ —É–ª–∏—á–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥–∂–∏–≥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–∏: –Ω–µ –ø–æ–π–º–∞–Ω ‚Äî –Ω–µ –≤–æ—Ä, –∏ –≤—Å–µ –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä—ã –ø—Ä–∏–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å “–Ω–µ–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–∂–Ω–æ–º—É –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—é —Å –æ–≥–Ω–µ–º”. –û —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ—Ç –ø–æ–∂–∞—Ä–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–ª–∞ –±–µ–¥–Ω–æ—Ç–∞, –Ω–∏–∫—Ç–æ, –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, –∏ –Ω–µ –¥—É–º–∞–ª”. –í —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–≤–µ—Ç–µ –ª—é–±–æ–ø—ã—Ç–µ–Ω —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç: —Å—Ç–æ–∏–ª–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤—ã–º –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º –≥–¥–µ-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å –≤ “—Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ –≥–æ—Ä—è—â–∏—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö” –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–æ—Ü–µ–Ω–∫—É –∏ –ø–æ–Ω–∏–∑–∏—Ç—å —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤–æ–µ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–¥–≤–æ–µ –∏–ª–∏ –≤—Ç—Ä–æ–µ, –∫–∞–∫ –¥–æ–º–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–∞–º –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è–º —Å—Ä–∞–∑—É –∂–µ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–µ–≤—ã–≥–æ–¥–Ω–æ –≥–æ—Ä–µ—Ç—å – –∏ –≤ —Ä–µ–∑—É–ª—å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ –≤–æ–ª–Ω–∞ –ø–æ–¥–∂–æ–≥–æ–≤ —Ç—É—Ç –∂–µ —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–∞–ª–∞..