–ì–æ–ª–æ–¥ 1873 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ – –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –°–∫–ª–∞–¥—á–∏–Ω–∞
–ì–æ–ª–æ–¥ 1873-1874 –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–∑–∏–≤—à–∏–π—Å—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö –ª–µ—Ç –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–µ—É—Ä–æ–∂–∞–µ–≤, –æ—Ö–≤–∞—Ç–∏–ª –≤ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ –≤—Å–µ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏, –≥—Ä–æ–∑–∏–ª –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏ –∏ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª –≤ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–µ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ “—Å—Ç—Ä–∞—à–Ω–æ–≥–æ”. –ì–æ–ª–æ–¥ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª –Ω–µ —Å—Ä–∞–∑—É. –ï—â–µ –≤ 1869 –≥–æ–¥—É, –∏–∑-–∑–∞ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∑–∞—Å—É—Ö–∏, –≤ –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫—Å–∫–æ–º, –ù–∏–∫–æ–ª–∞–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º, –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –∏ –ë—É–≥—É—Ä—É—Å–ª–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —É–µ–∑–¥–∞—Ö —É—Ä–æ–∂–∞–π –±—ã–ª –Ω–µ–≤–µ–ª–∏–∫; –Ω–æ –≤ 1871 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª—Å—è –¥–æ —Ç–æ–≥–æ –º–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–ª –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω, –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–µ –Ω–µ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–ª–∏ –≤—ã—Å–µ—è–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞. –í —ç—Ç–∏—Ö —É—Å–ª–æ–≤–∏—è—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ö–æ–¥–∞—Ç–∞–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –æ –≤—ã–¥–∞—á–µ 900 000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –¥–ª—è –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Ç–≤—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞. –í–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, –≤–µ—Å–Ω–æ—é 1872 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–∞–∫-–±—ã –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –∏—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å—Å—è, –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –ì. –°. –ê–∫—Å–∞–∫–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Å–ø–µ—à–∏–ª –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—á—å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ—Ç –≤—ã–¥–∞—á–∏ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å—É–º–º—ã. –ò–∑-–∑–∞ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º—ã—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–µ –±—ã–ª–æ, –∞ 1872 –≥–æ–¥ –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –≤—ã–¥–∞–ª—Å—è –Ω–µ—É—Ä–æ–∂–∞–π–Ω—ã–º. “–¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —É–ª—É—á—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤–µ—â–µ–π –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–µ—Å–ª–æ –Ω–µ—Å—Ä–∞–≤–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ –≤—Ä–µ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, —á–µ–º –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞—Ç—å”, –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–∞–ª –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω. –£—Ä–æ–∂–∞–π —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–≥–æ, 1873 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –ø–æ–≤–µ—Ä–≥ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –≤ –æ—Ç—á–∞—è–Ω–∏–µ. –°—Ç–∞–ª–æ —è—Å–Ω–æ – –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–µ –º–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å.
–û –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —É–∑–Ω–∞–ª–æ –∏–∑ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–∞ –õ. –ù. –¢–æ–ª—Å—Ç–æ–≥–æ –≤ “–ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–µ –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏”. –ó–∞ –Ω–∏–º –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª —Ä—è–¥ –∫–æ—Ä—Ä–µ—Å–ø–æ–Ω–¥–µ–Ω—Ü–∏–π —Å –º–µ—Å—Ç, –∏–∑–≤–µ—â–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö, —á—Ç–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –ø–æ—á—Ç–∏ –Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –∫ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –∏ “–µ—Å–ª–∏ –Ω–µ –ø–æ–¥–æ—Å–ø–µ–µ—Ç —Å–≤–æ–µ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å, —Ç–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—à–Ω–æ –¥–∞–∂–µ –∏ –¥—É–º–∞—Ç—å –æ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è—Ö”. –î–µ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–¥—É–∫—Ç–æ–≤ –¥–∞–ª –æ —Å–µ–±–µ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å —É–∂–µ –≤ –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ. “–ì—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω” –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª: “–ü–æ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏—è–º –∏–∑ –ë—É–∑—É–ª—É–∫—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —É–µ–∑–¥–∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ —É—Å–ø–µ–ª–∏ —É–∂–µ –ø—Ä–æ–µ—Å—Ç—å –≤—Å—é —Å–∫–æ—Ç–∏–Ω—É, –∏ –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å —Å–µ–º—å—è–º–∏ –∫—É–¥–∞ –≥–ª–∞–∑–∞ –≥–ª—è–¥—è—Ç – –∫–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ç—å—Å—è. –ë–æ–ª–µ–µ –∑–∞–∂–∏—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –∫ —Ç–æ–º—É –∂–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü—É”. –û—á–µ–Ω—å –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–µ, –ø—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –∏–∑ –±–µ–¥–Ω–æ—Ç—ã, –µ–∑–¥–∏–ª–∏ —Å –≤–æ–∑–æ–º –ø–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–ø–æ–ª—É—á–Ω—ã–µ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏, –¥–∞–∂–µ –≤ –°–∏–º–±–∏—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏—é, –∏ –∫–æ–µ-—á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–±—Ä–∞–ª–∏, –Ω–æ –∫ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü—É –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è –∏ –æ–Ω–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞—Ç—å—Å—è, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–¥–∞—è–Ω–∏–µ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –∏—Å—Å—è–∫–∞—Ç—å. –ë–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–∞–∫–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏ –ª–µ–±–µ–¥—ã, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∫–∞—Ç–∏-–ø–æ–ª–µ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Ç—Ä–∞–≤ –∏ –¥–µ–ª–∞–ª–∏ –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö —Ö–ª–µ–± —Å –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Å—å—é –∂–µ–ª—É–¥–µ–π –∏ –º—É–∫–∏. –ö—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞—é—â–∏–π—Å—è –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥ –º—É–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∏ —Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π–Ω–æ. –í —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ –±–æ—è–ª–∏—Å—å –±—É–Ω—Ç–∞, –Ω–æ –µ–≥–æ –Ω–µ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ. –ù–∞–ø—Ä–æ—Ç–∏–≤, –∏–∑—É–º–ª—è–ª–æ —Ç–µ—Ä–ø–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω: “–í—Å–µ —Å–µ—Ä—å–µ–∑–Ω—ã –∏ –≤–∏–¥–Ω–∞ —Ä–µ—à–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ”, – —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–ª –ì. –°. –ê–∫—Å–∞–∫–æ–≤; –ø—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º –æ–Ω –≤–∏–¥–µ–ª –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Å–µ–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ, “–∏–º–µ—è –∫–æ–µ-–∫–∞–∫–æ–π –∑–∞–ø–∞—Å –ø—à–µ–Ω–∏—Ü—ã, –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É—Ç –µ–µ –¥–ª—è –ø–æ—Å–µ–≤–∞, –∏ –¥–ª—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ –ø–∏—Ç–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –≤–ø—Ä–æ–≥–æ–ª–æ–¥—å, –Ω–µ –≤—Å—è–∫–∏–π –¥–µ–Ω—å”. –ß–µ–º –±—ã–ª–æ –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–Ω–æ —Å–ø–æ–∫–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –∏ —Ç–µ—Ä–ø–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω? –°–∫–æ—Ä–µ–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ, –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞ – –≤ –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—è—Ö –º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–æ–∑–∑—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ —Å–æ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ø—Å–∏—Ö–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–∏ –∫—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—å—è–Ω–∏–Ω–∞ —Ç–æ–π —ç–ø–æ—Ö–∏. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü—ã –Ω–∞–¥–µ—è–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∂–∏—Ç—å –∑–∏–º—É: –æ–Ω–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–µ–π, —Ü–∞—Ä—è, –¥–≤–æ—Ä—è–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ë–æ–≥–∞.
–ö–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–µ –≥–∞–∑–µ—Ç—ã –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ –±–∏–ª–∏ —Ç—Ä–µ–≤–æ–≥—É. 15 –æ–∫—Ç—è–±—Ä—è “–ì—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω” –æ–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–ª —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å—é –°–≤—è—Ç–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–∞ –°–æ–ª—ã–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ “–û –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ”. “–ú–∏—Ä–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –º—ã—Å–ª–∏—é, —á—Ç–æ —Å–æ–±—ã—Ç–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ – —è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ, –∫–∞–∂–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞–º –Ω–µ–≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω—ã–º, – –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –°–æ–ª—ã–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π, – –Ω–∞ –¥–Ω–µ –µ–≥–æ –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω —Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –∫–∞–∫–æ–π-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ—Ä–æ–∫ –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ”. –ü–æ—Ä–æ–∫, –Ω–∞ –≤–∑–≥–ª—è–¥ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª –≤ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º: –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ä–∞—Å–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–æ, —Ç–∞–∫ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã–º, “–ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª–æ–º”, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞–ø–∞—Å–æ–º –∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–π –Ω–µ—É—Ä–æ–∂–∞—è, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞, –ø—Ä–∏ –Ω—É–∂–¥–µ, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç—å —á–∞—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞–ø–∞—Å–æ–≤ —É —Å–æ—Å–µ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞, —Ä–∞–≤–Ω–æ –∫–∞–∫ –Ω–µ –º–æ–≥–ª–æ —Å—Å—É–¥–∏—Ç—å —á–∞—Å—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –∑–∞–ø–∞—Å–æ–≤ –Ω—É–∂–¥–∞—é—â–µ–π—Å—è –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –û—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–≤–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∑–∞–ø–∞—Å–∞–º–∏ –∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞, –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –¥–µ–µ—Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–µ—Ö–∞–Ω–∏–∑–º–∞ –∫–æ–º–ø–µ–Ω—Å–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –Ω–µ—É—Ä–æ–∂–∞–µ–≤ –∏ —è–≤–ª—è–ª–æ—Å—å, –Ω–∞ –≤–∑–≥–ª—è–¥ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å–∏, “–æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º –ø–æ—Ä–æ–∫–æ–º –≤ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è”, –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –∏—Å—á–µ—Ä–ø–∞–≤ —Å–≤–æ–π “–ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª”, –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å —Ç–µ–ª–µ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–æ–π, –≥–ª–∞—Å–∏–≤—à–µ–π: “–°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–µ –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–∏—Ç 2 915 000 —Ä—É–±., –≥–∞—Ä–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä—É—è —É–ø–ª–∞—Ç—É —Å–≤–æ–∏–º –∏–ºy—âec—Ç–≤o–º”. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, –Ω–∞ –±–æ—Ä—å–±—É —Å –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–º —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö –º–∏–ª–ª–∏–æ–Ω–æ–≤ —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –ú–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏—Ö –¥–µ–ª –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç–∏–ª –Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å—Å—É–¥–æ–π –≤ 50 000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –¢–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—Ç—å –∏ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è.
–°–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–ª–∏, —á—Ç–æ, –Ω–µ—Å–º–æ—Ç—Ä—è –Ω–∞ –≥—Ä–æ–º–∞–¥–Ω—É—é –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É –æ—Ç —ç—Ç–æ–π –ø–æ–º–æ—â–∏, –µ–µ —è–≤–Ω–æ –Ω–µ —Ö–≤–∞—Ç–∞–ª–æ. –°–æ–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–º–æ—â–∏ –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–ª–æ –∫ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ —Å–≤–µ–∂—É—é –∏ —Å–≤–æ–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω—É—é –∏–¥–µ—é: –æ –µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –≤—ã–¥–∞—é—â–∏—Ö—Å—è –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –¥–ª—è –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –≤ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤. –ö–Ω–∏–≥–∞ —ç—Ç–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –∑–∞–¥—É–º–∞–Ω–∞ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –∫–∞–∫ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç—å –Ω–æ–≤—ã–µ –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏, –Ω–æ –∫–∞–∫ —à–∞–≥, —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω—ã–π –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ä–µ–∑–æ–Ω–∞–Ω—Å –≤ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∏ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å —Ç–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫—É –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–æ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—é –∫ –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—é—â–∏–º. –ê–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–π –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∏–¥–µ–∏ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—é—Ç —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ú. –û. –ú–∏–∫–µ—à–∏–Ω–∞ –∏ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ê. –§. –ü–æ–≥–æ—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –¥–Ω–∏ –∑–∏–º—ã –æ–Ω–∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∫ –∫–Ω. –í. –ü. –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º—É —Å –ø—Ä–æ—Å—å–±–æ–π –æ —Å–æ–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–∏ –≤ –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∫–µ –∏ –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞ (–ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞—Ç—å “–ö—Ä—É–∂–∫–∞”). –ö–Ω—è–∑—å –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏–ª –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å —Å–æ—á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ–º –∏ –≤–∑—è–ª—Å—è –∑–∞ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏—é –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è. 9 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è –æ–Ω –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –ú. –ü. –ü–æ–≥–æ–¥–∏–Ω—É: “–í –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ —Å –≤—á–µ—Ä–∞—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ –¥–Ω—è –∑–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –º—ã—Å–ª—å –≤ –∫—Ä—É–∂–∫–µ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å –ø–æ–¥ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º “–ö—Ä—É–∂–∫–∞” —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫ —Å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ–º –≤—Å–µ—Ö –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã, –∂–∏–≤–æ–ø–∏—Å–∏ –∏ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏, —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫ –æ—Ä–∏–≥–∏–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–µ—â–∏—Ü –≤ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—é—â–∏—Ö…
–ü–æ–¥–æ–±–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–∏ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—ã, –ø—Ä–∏—á–µ–º –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –Ω–æ –∏ –ª–∏–±–µ—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ (–ò. –°. –¢—É—Ä–≥–µ–Ω–µ–≤, A. –î. –ì—Ä–∞–¥–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π), –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ —Ä–∞–¥–∏–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ (–ú. –ï. –°–∞–ª—Ç—ã–∫–æ–≤-–©–µ–¥—Ä–∏–Ω, –ù. –ê. –ù–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤ –∏ –¥—Ä.) –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π. –ò–¥–µ–π–Ω–∞—è –ø–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ—Ç–∞, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, –Ω–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ—Ä—Ç–∏–ª–∞ —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞: –µ–¥–∏–Ω—ã–π –ø–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–æ—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ—Ä—ã–≤, —Å–ø–ª–æ—Ç–∏–≤—à–∏–π –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π, –Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞ –¥–ª—è —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã—Ö —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–µ–π. –í –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ —Å 15 –ø–æ 19 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–π, –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –æ–±—ä–µ–º –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏, –∫—Ä—É–≥ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏—Ö –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∏ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–≤, –∏–∑–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç. –ò—Ç–æ–≥–æ–≤–æ–µ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–ª–æ—Å—å 19 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è. –û–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –µ–≥–æ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤, –ê. –í. –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–µ–Ω–∫–æ, –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º “–î–Ω–µ–≤–Ω–∏–∫–µ”: “–°–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ –∫–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–µ –í. –ü. –ì–∞–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥—É –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –≤ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—é—â–∏—Ö —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤. –ù–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω, –º–µ–∂–¥—É –ø—Ä–æ—á–∏–º, –∏–∑–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç, —á–ª–µ–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –±—ã–ª–∏ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å–æ–≤ –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–Ω—ã: –ö—Ä–∞–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π, –ì–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ä–æ–≤, –ù–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤ –∏ —è. –ü—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ –µ—â–µ –Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω—ã –∫–Ω—è–∑—å –í–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–∏—Ä –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤–∏—á –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–µ–º, –∞ –ü. –ê. –ï—Ñ—Ä–µ–º–æ–≤ – —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ä–µ–º… –°–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫ –Ω–∞—à –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω “–°–∫–ª–∞–¥—á–∏–Ω–æ–π”.
–ü–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —ç—Ç–∞–ø —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –ø–æ–¥ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –∫–Ω—è–∑—è B. –ü. –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª—Å—è –±–ª–µ—Å—Ç—è—â–∏–º —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–º. 6 —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1874 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ù. –ù. –°—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –ù. –Ø. –î–∞–Ω–∏–ª–µ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º—É: “–ö–Ω. –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ–∂–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç –ª–∞–≤—Ä—ã. –í–µ–∑–µ—Ç –µ–º—É —É–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ. –ú–∞–ª–æ —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ú–∞–π–∫–æ–≤ –≤ –Ω–µ–≥–æ –≤–ª—é–±–∏–ª—Å—è, –∏ –î–æ—Å—Ç–æ–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–æ—à–µ–ª –∫ –Ω–µ–º—É –≤ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –¢–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –µ–º—É —É–¥–∞–ª—Å—è —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫ “–°–∫–ª–∞–¥—á–∏–Ω–∞”, –≤ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤. –≠—Ç–æ –µ–≥–æ –∑–∞—Ç–µ—è. –û–Ω —É—Å–ø–µ–ª —Å–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–∏—Ç—å –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –∏ —Å–∞–º –ø–æ–ø–∞–ª –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ –∏—Ö –∏–∑–±—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—É—é –∫–æ–º–ø–∞–Ω–∏—é, –Ω–æ –∏ –≤—ã–±—Ä–∞–Ω –∫–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–µ–º”. –í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1873 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–∞—è –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Å–∞ –æ–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –æ–±—ä—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ–± –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –≤ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—é—â–∏—Ö –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞ “–°–∫–ª–∞–¥—á–∏–Ω–∞”. –ê–≤—Ç–æ—Ä—ã —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–π –∏ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Ç–∏–ø–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏–π —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏ –≤ –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –¥–∞—Ä–æ–≤—ã–º —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–º; –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –±—É–º–∞–∂–Ω—ã–µ —Ñ–∞–±—Ä–∏–∫–∞–Ω—Ç—ã —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –±—É–º–∞–≥—É —Å–æ —Å–∫–∏–¥–∫–æ–π. –û–±—ä–µ–º —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω –≤ —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–µ –æ—Ç 35 –¥–æ 40 –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ª–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞—Ç–∞. –ü–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å–Ω–∞—è —Ü–µ–Ω–∞ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∞ 3 —Ä—É–±. –±–µ–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—ã–ª–∫–∏ –∏ 4 —Ä—É–±. —Å –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—ã–ª–∫–æ–π. –ü–æ–¥–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞ –≤ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∞ –≤ —Ä–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ü–∏—è—Ö “–ì—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∞”, “–ì–æ–ª–æ—Å–∞”, “–°–∞–Ω–∫—Ç-–ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π”, “–†—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–∏—Ä–∞”, “–ù–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏”, “–í–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ï–≤—Ä–æ–ø—ã”, “–û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–æ–∫”, “–î–æ—Å—É–≥–∞ –∏ –î–µ–ª–∞”. –í –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∫–µ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª–∏ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –∫–Ω. –ü. –í—è–∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–π, –ò. –ê. –ì–æ–Ω—á–∞—Ä–æ–≤, –§. –ú. –î–æ—Å—Ç–æ–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π, –ü. –ê. –ï—Ñ—Ä–µ–º–æ–≤, –ê. –ê. –ö—Ä–∞–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π, –ê. –ù. –ú–∞–π–∫–æ–≤, –∫–Ω. –í. –ü. –ú–µ—â–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π, –ù. –ö. –ú–∏—Ö–∞–π–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π, –ù. –ê. –ù–µ–∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ–≤, –ê. –í. –ù–∏–∫–∏—Ç–µ–Ω–∫–æ, –ê. –ù. –û—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π, –ö. –ü. –ü–æ–±–µ–¥–æ–Ω–æ—Å—Ü–µ–≤, –ê. –ù. –ü–ª–µ—â–µ–µ–≤, –ú. –ü. –ü–æ–≥–æ–¥–∏–Ω, –Ø. –ü. –ü–æ–ª–æ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π, –ú. –ï. –°–∞–ª—Ç—ã–∫–æ–≤-–©–µ–¥—Ä–∏–Ω, –≥—Ä. –í. –°–æ–ª–ª–æ–≥—É–±, –ù. –ù. –°—Ç—Ä–∞—Ö–æ–≤, –ò. –°. –¢—É—Ä–≥–µ–Ω–µ–≤ –∏ –¥—Ä., –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ 50 –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤.
–ö–Ω–∏–≥–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤—ã–ø—É—â–µ–Ω–∞ –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 1874 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –ü–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–±—É—Ä–≥–µ –ø–æ–¥ –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º “–°–∫–ª–∞–¥—á–∏–Ω–∞. –õ–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã–π —Å–±–æ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫, —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∏–∑ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–æ–≤ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –≤ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö –æ—Ç –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏”. –ü–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ–π –∫–Ω–∏–≥–∏ –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–ª–æ –∂–∏–≤–æ–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç–∫–ª–∏–∫–∏ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∏. –í–µ—Å—å —Ç–∏—Ä–∞–∂ —Ä–∞–∑–æ—à–µ–ª—Å—è –≤ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–µ–¥–µ–ª—å. “–°–∫–ª–∞–¥—á–∏–Ω–∞”, –∫–∞–∫ –∏ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, —Å—Ñ–æ–∫—É—Å–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª–∞ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è—Ö –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏. –í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 1873 –∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 1874 –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –≤ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Ü–µ–≤ –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ. 30 –Ω–æ—è–±—Ä—è 1873 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤ –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—é—â–∏–º –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –æ—Ç–ø—É—â–µ–Ω–æ –µ—â–µ 1000000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –∏–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö 350 000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π –ø—Ä–µ–¥–Ω–∞–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –Ω—É–∂–¥–∞—é—â–µ–π—Å—è —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ 650 000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π – “–Ω–∞ –æ–±—Å–µ–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–æ–ª–µ–π”. –û–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–º —Å–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–º –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–µ –§. –î. –ö–ª–∏–º–æ–≤–µ –±—ã–ª —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω –¶–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —Å–æ–≤–µ—â–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç, —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–∏–π —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–æ–π –ø–æ —Å–±–æ—Ä—É –∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π. –í—Å–µ –∂–µ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –¥–µ–Ω–µ–≥ –±—ã–ª–æ –º–∞–ª–æ. –ü–æ–º–æ—â—å –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞—é—â–∏–º –≤ –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –≤—ã–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∑–µ–º—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏ —Å–æ—Å–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–π –∏ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–º–∏ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è–º–∏. –ú–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ –∏–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ –∏ “–ì—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω”, —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∏–ª–∏ –æ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –≤—ã—Ä—É—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–∂—É –∏—Ö –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö –Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–æ–≤.
–ü–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —à–ª–∏ —Å–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–æ–≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏. –ö—Ä—É–ø–Ω—ã–µ —Å—É–º–º—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –∏ –æ—Ç–æ—Å–ª–∞–Ω—ã –Æ. –§. –°–∞–º–∞—Ä–∏–Ω—ã–º (3000 —Ä.), —Ä–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏ “–ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤–µ–¥–æ–º–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π” (2000 —Ä.), –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –î—É–º–æ–π (50000 —Ä.), —Ñ–∏–Ω–ª—è–Ω–¥—Å–∫–∏–º –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª-–≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º (10000 —Ä.), –ö—É—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º (50000 —Ä.), –Ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤—Å–∫–∏–º (10000 —Ä.), –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–º (25000 —Ä.), –ù–∏–∂–µ–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–º (10000—Ä.), –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—è–º–∏, –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∫–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞–º–∏. –û—Å–æ–±—É—é –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏–º–µ–ª–∞ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ö–æ–º–∏—Ç–µ—Ç–∞ –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø–æ–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ –±–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–æ–∏–Ω–∞—Ö. –ò–º –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–æ –∏ –∏–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ö–æ–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ 497 985 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π; –≤ —ç—Ç—É —Ü–∏—Ñ—Ä—É –≤–æ—à–ª–∏ –∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ–¥–∞–∂–∏ “–°–∫–ª–∞–¥—á–∏–Ω—ã”. –ö–∞–∫ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–ª –ü. –í. –ê–ª–∞–±–∏–Ω, —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—Å–∫—É—é –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω—Å–∫—É—é –∑–µ–º—Å–∫—É—é —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—É –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏–ª–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ–∂–µ—Ä—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π –Ω–∞ —Å—É–º–º—É 1 007 813 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π, –∞ –ø–æ–º–∏–º–æ –Ω–µ–µ, —Ç–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å –Ω–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤ –∑–µ–º—Å–∫–∏–µ —É–ø—Ä–∞–≤—ã –∏ –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –ª–∏—Ü–∞–º, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–≤—à–∏–º—Å—è —Å–±–æ—Ä–æ–º –∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø–æ–º–æ—â–∏ —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –Ω—É–∂–¥–∞—é—â–∏—Ö—Å—è, – –æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–æ—á–Ω–æ – 3 500 000 —Ä—É–±–ª–µ–π. –≠—Ç–∏ –¥–µ–Ω—å–≥–∏ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª–∏–ª–∏ –∑–∞–∫—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –∫–æ–ª–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∑–µ—Ä–Ω–∞ –∏ –Ω–µ –¥–æ–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å –º–∞—Å—Å–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–ª–æ–¥–∞. –ü–æ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∫–∏, –∑–∞ 1873 – 1874 –≥–æ–¥—ã –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –°–∞–º–∞—Ä—ã –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–µ —É–º–µ–Ω—å—à–∏–ª–æ—Å—å, –Ω–æ –¥–∞–∂–µ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤—ã—Ä–æ—Å–ª–æ (—Å 54279 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –≤ 1872 –≥–æ–¥—É –¥–æ 54456 —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –≤ 1873 –≥–æ–¥—É)!