–ö—Ä–∞—Ç–∫–∞—è –±–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω–∞

–ê. –ü. –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ –¢–±–∏–ª–∏—Å–∏, –≤ 1910 –≥–æ–¥—É. –ë–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –æ–¥–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–∏–≤—à–∞—è—Å—è –≤ –¥–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ, –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏–ª–∞ –ø—É—Ç—å –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞. –í 1928 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª –¢–±–∏–ª–∏—Å—Å–∫—É—é –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é –ø–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å—É —Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–ø–∏–∞–Ω–æ —É –¢. –ò. –¢–µ—Ä-–°—Ç–µ–ø–∞–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π, –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —É—á–∏–ª—Å—è –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ü–∏–∏ —É –°. –ë–∞—Ä—Ö—É–¥–∞—Ä—è–Ω–∞. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –ø–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å—É —Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–ø–∏–∞–Ω–æ —É –°. –ò. –°–∞–≤—à–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ (1928-1932). –í 1937-1940 –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö – –æ–Ω –ø—Ä–µ–ø–æ–¥–∞–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –ø–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å—É —Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–ø–∏–∞–Ω–æ –∏ –∫–∞–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∞–Ω—Å–∞–º–±–ª—è –≤ –ï—Ä–µ–≤–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –∏ —Å–æ–ª–∏—Å—Ç —Ñ–∏–ª–∞—Ä–º–æ–Ω–∏–∏.

–î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω, –±—É–¥—É—á–∏ –∞—Å–ø–∏—Ä–∞–Ω—Ç–æ–º –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–ª –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–º–µ–π—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–æ–º –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–µ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∞-–≤–æ–∫–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –°. –í. –ê–∫–∏–º–æ–≤–æ–π. –í –ï—Ä–µ–≤–∞–Ω–µ –æ–Ω —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª –∫–∞–∫ –∞–∫–∫–æ–º–ø–∞–Ω–∏–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–æ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–µ–≤—Ü–∞ –ü. –ì. –õ–∏—Å–∏—Ü–∏–∞–Ω–∞, –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä—É—è –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –Ω–∏–º –ø–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ. –ë–æ–ª—å—à—É—é —Ä–æ–ª—å —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞–ª –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω –≤ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–∞ 3. –ê. –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π, —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞—è—Å—å —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç—å –≤ —é–Ω–æ–π –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–∏—Ü–µ —Ç–æ–Ω–∫–∏–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –≤–∫—É—Å, –æ—â—É—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å—Ç–∏–ª–µ–π, –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –∫ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –∏–ª–∏ —Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ –∑–≤—É—á–∞—â–µ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–µ.

–ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∏—á –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–ª—è–ª –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –∫ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä–µ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –ª—é–±–∏–ª –∏ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–æ –∑–Ω–∞–ª –Ω–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —Ñ–æ–ª—å–∫–ª–æ—Ä. –í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 30-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–≤ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ñ–æ–ª—å–∫–ª–æ—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —ç–∫—Å–ø–µ–¥–∏—Ü–∏–π –ø–æ –ê—Ä–º–µ–Ω–∏–∏, –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω –∑–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª —Å–≤—ã—à–µ –¥–≤—É—Ö—Å–æ—Ç –∞—Ä–º—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–µ—Å–µ–Ω. –í 1940 –≥–æ–¥—É –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–µ—Ö–∞–ª –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É –∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ü–∏–µ–π —É –ù. –Ø. –ú—è—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –Ω–æ –≤—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ—Ä–≤–∞–Ω—ã –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–π –û—Ç–µ—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–æ–π–Ω–æ–π –∏ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª –∞–∫–∫–æ–º–ø–∞–Ω–∏–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –õ–∏—Å–∏—Ü–∏–∞–Ω–∞, —Å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –∏ –≤ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏—Ö —á–∞—Å—Ç—è—Ö –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π –ê—Ä–º–∏–∏.

–ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–ª—Å—è –∫ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ï–≥–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ –ø–æ –∂–∞–Ω—Ä–∞–º, –∏ –≤—Å–µ-—Ç–∞–∫–∏ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –≤ –Ω–µ–º –∑–∞–Ω—è–ª–∏ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏. –ß—É–¥–µ—Å–Ω—ã–π –º–µ–ª–æ–¥–∏—Å—Ç, –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—é—â–∏–π —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—É—Ä—É —Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–ø–∏–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä –ü–∞–≤–ª–æ–≤–∏—á –≤ —Å–æ–¥—Ä—É–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å –ø–æ—ç—Ç–∞–º–∏ –õ. –û—à–∞–Ω–∏–Ω—ã–º, –ú. –õ–∏—Å—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º, –í. –•–∞—Ä–∏—Ç–æ–Ω–æ–≤—ã–º, –ù. –î–æ—Ä–∏–∑–æ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–∏–ª –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∫–∏ –ø–µ—Å–µ–Ω, –ª—é–±–∏–º—ã—Ö –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–æ–º. –í–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∏–∫–∞ –≤ –µ–≥–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Ç–µ—Å–Ω–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å –ø—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ª–∏—Ä–∏–∫–æ–π, –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏–π –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –ø–∞—Ñ–æ—Å —Å–æ—Å–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç —Å –æ–∑–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–π –≤–µ—Å–µ–ª–æ–π —à—É—Ç–∫–æ–π.

–ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω—è—è –¥—Ä—É–∂–±–∞, –∑–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–∞—è—Å—è –≤ —Å—É—Ä–æ–≤—ã–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã, —Å–≤—è–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∞ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ —Å –≤–æ–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–π –ê—Ä–º–∏–∏, –¥–ª—è –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–Ω –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –Ω–µ–º–∞–ª–æ –ø–µ—Å–µ–Ω. –ì–µ—Ä–æ–∏ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π ‚Äî –ª–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–∏, –º–æ—Ä—è–∫–∏, —Ä–∞–∫–µ—Ç—á–∏–∫–∏. –í —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö –æ—Ç–¥–∞–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–∞—Ä–Ω–∏–∑–æ–Ω–∞—Ö —Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç—ã, –æ—Ñ–∏—Ü–µ—Ä—ã, –≥–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞–ª—ã –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–π –ê—Ä–º–∏–∏ –∑–∞–ø–æ–º–Ω–∏–ª–∏ —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏ –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω–∞, –∫–∞–∫ “–ì–æ—Ä–æ–¥-—Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç”, “–ß–∞—Å–æ–≤–æ–π –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—É”, “–°–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç—Å–∫–æ–µ —Å–µ—Ä–¥—Ü–µ”, “–ü–æ–¥ –≤–æ–ª–Ω–æ—é”, “–í–∞–Ω—è”, “–ü–æ–π, —Å–æ–ª–¥–∞—Ç, –ø–æ–π” –∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ. –û –ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø–µ—Å–µ–Ω –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –∏ —Ç–æ, —á—Ç–æ –ª–∏—à—å –≤ —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–µ –¥–≤–∞–∂–¥—ã –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ê. –í. –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–æ–≤–∞ –∞–Ω—Å–∞–º–±–ª—è –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏ –∏ –ø–ª—è—Å–∫–∏ –°–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–π –ê—Ä–º–∏–∏ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π.

–®–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã –ø–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–æ—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏ –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω–∞ – “–ú–æ—è –†–æ–¥–∏–Ω–∞”, “–î–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ–π –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞”, “–ò –º—ã –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –±—É–¥–µ–º –∂–∏—Ç—å”. –°—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –∑–∞–Ω—è–ª–∞ –∏ –ø–µ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –ª–∏—Ä–∏–∫–∞. –ü–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏ “–û–π —Ç—ã, —Ä–æ–∂—å”, “–†—è–∑–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ –º–∞–¥–æ–Ω–Ω—ã” –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–∏ –ø–æ –¥—É—Ö—É, –ø–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É –∏–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É —è–∑—ã–∫—É –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–º –º–µ–ª–æ–¥–∏—è–º. –ú–Ω–æ–≥–æ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–ª—è–ª —Å–µ–±—è –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω –≤ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ. –ó–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É—é —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—É—é —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –¥–ª—è —Å–∏–º—Ñ–æ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ—Ä–∫–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞, –∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞—Ç–∞ “–î–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ–π –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–∞”, –¥–≤–∞ —Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–ø–∏–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞, —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Å—ã, –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–µ—Å–Ω–∏ –¥–ª—è –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π, –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –æ –ø–µ—Å–µ–Ω (–∞—Ä–º—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö, –≤–µ–Ω–≥–µ—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö, –±–æ–ª–≥–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö, —á–µ—à—Å–∫–∏—Ö), –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞ –∫ —Å–ø–µ–∫—Ç–∞–∫–ª—è–º –∏ —Ä–∞–¥–∏–æ–ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∫–∞–º.

–í 1967 –≥–æ–¥—É, –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–≤—à–∏—Å—å –∫ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–º—É –¥–ª—è —Å–µ–±—è –∂–∞–Ω—Ä—É, –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –∫–æ–º–µ–¥–∏—é “–ö–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å –∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ—Ç—ã”, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–º —à–ª–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–º —Ç–µ–∞—Ç—Ä–µ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ç—Ç—ã. –£ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∑—Ä–µ–ª –∑–∞–º—ã—Å–µ–ª –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∫–æ–º–µ–¥–∏–∏, –Ω–æ, –∫ —Å–æ–∂–∞–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –µ–º—É –Ω–µ —Å—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –æ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç—å—Å—è. –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω ‚Äî –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä —Å–æ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ–π —Å—É–¥—å–±–æ–π.¬† –ï–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∑–≤—É—á–∞—Ç –ø–æ —Ä–∞–¥–∏–æ, —Ç–µ–ª–µ–≤–∏–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—é—Ç—Å—è –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–µ–≤—Ü–∞–º–∏ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞—Ö. –ê. –ü. –î–æ–ª—É—Ö–∞–Ω—è–Ω —É—à–µ–ª –∏–∑ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –≤ 1968 –≥–æ–¥—É.