–ü–æ—è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –ì–æ–¥

–≠—Ç–æ –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö –ª—é–±–∏–º—ã—Ö –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–æ–º –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤. –ù–æ –æ–Ω –Ω–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–ª—Å—è 1-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è, –æ —á–µ–º, –≤–µ—Ä–æ—è—Ç–Ω–æ, –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ —Å–µ–π—á–∞—Å –∏ –Ω–µ –∑–Ω–∞—é—Ç. –í –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –Ω–∞ –†—É—Å–∏ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –ù–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ 1-–≥–æ –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞; –ø–æ–∑–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–∏–∫ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –±—ã–ª –ø–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–µ—Å—ë–Ω –Ω–∞ 1-–µ —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è, ‚Äî –∏ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å –ø–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω —Å—Ç–∞–ª –æ–Ω —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏–º. –í–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, –Ω–µ–æ–¥–Ω–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–Ω–æ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–ª—è —Å–ª–∞–≤—è–Ω, –∞ –∏ –¥–ª—è –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤. –í —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–º “–•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º –ú–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ—Å–ª–æ–≤–µ” –Ω–∞ —Å–µ–π —Å—á–µ—Ç –µ—Å—Ç—å —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–µ –ø–æ—è—Å–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è: “–î–ª—è –µ–≤—Ä–µ–µ–≤ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü –ê–≤–∏–≤ (–º–µ—Å—è—Ü –∫–æ–ª–æ—Å—å–µ–≤), –∏–ª–∏ –ù–∏—Å–∞–Ω, —Å–æ–æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏–π –Ω—ã–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–º—É –º–∞—Ä—Ç—É, –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ–º —Å–≤—è—â–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –∏—Ö –∏–∑ –ï–≥–∏–ø—Ç–∞”. “–î—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏–µ —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å—Ü—ã, –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—è —Å –ù–µ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∏ –¥–æ 15 –≤–µ–∫–∞, –≤–µ–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å 1-–≥–æ –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞; —Å 15 —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–ø–∏—Å—Ü—ã —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å 1-–≥–æ —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è. –£ –∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤, –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –≤ –†–∏–º–µ —É –ø–∞–ø, –±—ã–ª–∏ –∫–æ–ª–µ–±–∞–Ω–∏—è –≤ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∫ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—É –≥–æ–¥–∞. –°—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å 1-–≥–æ –∏–ª–∏ 25-–≥–æ –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞, —Å –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –ë–ª–∞–≥–æ–≤–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–ª–∏ —Å –ü–∞—Å—Ö–∏ –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞, –Ω–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü ‚Äî —Å –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞, —Ç. –µ. —Å 25-–≥–æ –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è. –ù–æ –≤ 16, 17 –∏ 18 —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è—Ö –º–∞–ª–æ-–ø–æ–º–∞–ª—É —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–µ —Ä–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–µ –∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å 1-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è, —Ç–µ–º –±–æ–ª–µ–µ —á—Ç–æ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –¥–µ–Ω—å –±–ª–∏–∑–æ–∫ –∫–æ –¥–Ω—é –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞, –æ—Ç –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç–æ –≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ª–µ—Ç –ù–æ–≤–æ–π —ç—Ä—ã. –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–π –ø–æ–≤–µ–ª–µ–ª –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—Ç—å –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ —Å 1-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è, –∏ 1700-–π –≥–æ–¥ – –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –Ω–∞—á–∞—Ç—ã–π —Å —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è ‚Äî –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω –±—ã–ª –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ —Å –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–º —Ç–æ—Ä–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º. –ù–æ —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤–Ω—ã–π –ë–æ–≥–æ—Å–ª—É–∂–µ–±–Ω—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ –∏ –¥–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω—É–µ—Ç—Å—è 1-–≥–æ —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è”.

–†–∏–º–ª—è–Ω–∞–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç –±—ã–ª –∑–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ —Å–ø–µ—Ä–≤–∞ –≤–µ—Å–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–π –º–µ—Å—è—Ü –º–∞—Ä—Ç, —á—Ç–æ –∏ —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω—è–ª–æ—Å—å —É –Ω–∏—Ö –¥–æ 45-–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –¥–æ P. X., –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–∏ –Æ–ª–∏–∏ –¶–µ–∑–∞—Ä–µ ‚Äî —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∞–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–º–∞ –°–æ–∑–∏–≥–µ–Ω–∞ ‚Äî –±—ã–ª–æ –∏—Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–æ, –ø—Ä–∏—á–µ–º –ª—É–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω –≤ —Å–æ–ª–Ω–µ—á–Ω—ã–π –∏ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏–µ —Å 1-–≥–æ –º–∞—Ä—Ç–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ 1-–µ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è. –° —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ —ç—Ç–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—à–ª–æ –∏ –∫ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º. –ì—Ä–µ–∫–∏ –≤ —è–∑—ã—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ –∏ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –≤–µ–∫–∞ —Ö—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∞–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏ –≥–æ–¥—ã –ø–æ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ—Ö–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è–º, –∏–ª–∏ –û–ª–∏–º–ø–∏–∞–¥–∞–º, ‚Äî –æ—Ç –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –û–ª–∏–º–ø–∏–π—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∏–≥—Ä, –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–∏—Ö—Å—è —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ –≥–æ–¥–∞. –û–ª–∏–º–ø–∏–∞–¥—ã –∂–µ –ª–µ–≥–ª–∏ –ø–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—É –∏ –≤ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—É —Ä–∏–º—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è. –†–∏–º–ª—è–Ω–µ –≤–µ–ª–∏ —Å—á–µ—Ç –ª–µ—Ç –æ—Ç —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –†–∏–º–∞. –°–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∏–µ –†–∏–º–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–µ–¥—å–º–æ–π –û–ª–∏–º–ø–∏–∞–¥—ã, –∏–ª–∏ –≤ 754-–º –≥–æ–¥—É –¥–æ P. X. (–ø–æ –æ–±—â–µ–ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç–æ–º—É –∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é). –ò—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ª–µ—Ç –æ—Ç P. X. –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–æ —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–µ ‚Äî —Ä–∏–º—Å–∫–∏–º –º–æ–Ω–∞—Ö–æ–º –î–∏–æ–Ω–∏—Å–∏–µ–º –ú–∞–ª—ã–º, –≤ 525-–º –≥–æ–¥—É. –ù–∞ –í–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫–µ –∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ª–µ—Ç —Å–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω –Æ—Å—Ç–∏–Ω–∏–∞–Ω–∞ (—Å 540-–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞) –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –æ—Ç –°–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ú–∏—Ä–∞, –ø—Ä–∏—á–µ–º –≥–æ–¥ –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞ –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª—Å—è –≤ 5509-–º –≥–æ–¥—É –æ—Ç –°–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ú–∏—Ä–∞. –≠—Ç–æ –∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ –®–µ—Å—Ç–æ–º –í—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–æ–±–æ—Ä–µ, –≤ 691-–º –≥–æ–¥—É”. –ò —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–æ–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ö—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∞–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ –µ–≥–æ –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ–º –º–∏—Ä–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–ª–æ –∫ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –æ—Ç –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞.

–ò. –ü. –ö–∞–ª–∏–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π: “–ù–∞ –†—É—Å–∏ –º–µ—Å—è—Ü —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—å –±—ã–ª –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –æ–¥–∏–Ω–Ω–∞–¥—Ü–∞—Ç—ã–º –ø–æ —Å—á–µ—Ç—É, –∏–±–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –º–∞—Ä—Ç; –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥ —Å—Ç–∞–ª —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞—Ç—å—Å—è —Å —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è, —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—å —Å—Ç–∞–ª –ø—è—Ç—ã–º; –Ω–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, —Å 1700-–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ – —Å –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω—ã, –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤ –Ω–∞—à–µ–º –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–º –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–º, – —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –º–µ—Å—è—Ü —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª—Å—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º”. –ü–µ—Ç—Ä –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–π, –∂–µ–ª–∞—è —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–∏—Ç—å —Å –∫–∞–ª–µ–Ω–¥–∞—Ä–µ–º –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–µ–≤—Ä–æ–ø–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–º –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –ù–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –†—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞, –æ—Ç–º–µ–Ω–∏–ª –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–µ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç –°–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ú–∏—Ä–∞ –∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏–ª –≤–≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Ç –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞. –° —ç—Ç–æ–π —Ü–µ–ª—å—é –ø—Ä–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –∏–∑–¥–∞–ª –≤ 1699-–º –≥–æ–¥—É –¥–≤–∞ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º —É–∫–∞–∑–µ, 19-–≥–æ –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è, –æ–Ω –≤–µ–ª–µ–ª –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –≤–ø—Ä–µ–¥—å –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –±—É–º–∞–≥–∞—Ö –ª–µ—Ç–∞ –æ—Ç –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞, –∞ –Ω–µ –æ—Ç –°–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ú–∏—Ä–∞, –∏ –≥–æ–¥ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—Ç—å —Å 1 -–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è. “–ê –±—É–¥–µ –∫—Ç–æ –Ω–µ —Ö–æ—á–µ—Ç, ‚Äî –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —É–∫–∞–∑–µ, ‚Äî —Ç–æ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –∏ –æ—Ç –°–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ú–∏—Ä–∞, –∏ –æ—Ç –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞”. –í–æ –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º —É–∫–∞–∑–µ, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–º –Ω–∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π –¥–µ–Ω—å –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ, —Ä–∞—Å–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∞ —Å–∞–º–∞—è –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω—ã –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã—Ç—å –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–µ–≥–æ –≤–µ–∫–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ”. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º, —Å –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –¥–æ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—å —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ–º –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –¶–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω—É–µ—Ç –¥–æ—Å–µ–ª–µ —Å–≤–æ–π —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤–Ω—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ –ø–æ-—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–º—É, —Å 1-–≥–æ —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä—è.

–í–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ–º –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –ü—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è –¶–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω—É–µ—Ç –ø–∞–º—è—Ç—å –°–≤. –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏—è –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ, –∞—Ä—Ö–∏–µ–ø–∏—Å–∫–æ–ø–∞ –ö–µ—Å–∞—Ä–∏–∏ –ö–∞–ø–ø–∞–¥–æ–∫–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π, –æ—Ç—á–µ–≥–æ –∏ —Å–∞–º—ã–π –¥–µ–Ω—å —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–µ–Ω –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –∫–∞–∫ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤ –¥–µ–Ω—å. –° –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –¥–Ω—è –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–ª—é–¥–∏–Ω—ã —Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –ø–æ –¥–æ–º–∞–º —Å –ø–æ–∑–¥—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –∏ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏—è–º–∏. –í —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –∂–µ –¥–µ–Ω—å —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –æ–±—Ä—è–¥, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–µ–Ω –ø–æ–¥ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∞–º–∏: “–∞–≤—Å–µ–Ω—è”, “–æ–≤—Å–µ–Ω—è”, “—É—Å–µ–Ω—è”, “–≥–æ–≤—Å–µ–Ω—è”, “–±–∞–¥—Ü–µ–Ω—è”, “–±–∞—É—Å–µ–Ω—è”, “—Ç–∞—É—Å–µ–Ω—è”. –ë–æ–ª—å—à–µ–π —á–∞—Å—Ç—å—é —ç—Ç–∏ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –∏–∑-–∑–∞ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–æ –Ω–µ—Ç —Å–æ–º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è, —á—Ç–æ –≤—Å–µ –æ–Ω–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –æ—Ç —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –æ–≤—ë—Å, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏ –æ—Ç–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—Ä—è–¥–∞. –°—É—â–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –¥–µ—Ç–∏ —Å–µ–ª—è–Ω, —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–≤—à–∏—Å—å –æ–±—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞–º–∏, –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –æ–±–µ–¥–Ω–µ–π —Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –ø–æ –¥–æ–º–∞–º “—Å–µ—è—Ç—å –∏–∑ —Ä—É–∫–∞–≤–∞” (–∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ ‚Äî –∏–∑ –º–µ—à–∫–∞) –∑—ë—Ä–Ω–∞ –æ–≤—Å–∞, –≥—Ä–µ—á–∏—Ö–∏, —Ä–∂–∏ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Ö–ª–µ–±–æ–≤ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Ä–∞—Å–ø–µ–≤–∞—é—Ç —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â—É—é “–∑–∞—Å–µ–≤–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é” –ø–µ—Å–Ω—é:

–•–æ–¥–∏—Ç –ò–ª—å—è –ù–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å—è,
–ù–æ—Å–∏—Ç –ø—É–≥—É –ñ–∏—Ç—è–Ω—É—é.
–ì–¥–µ –∑–∞–º–∞—Ö–Ω—ë—Ç,
–ñ–∏—Ç–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Ç—ë—Ç.
–ñ–∏—Ç–æ, –ø—à–µ–Ω–∏—Ü–∞,
–í—Å—è–∫–∞ –ø–∞—à–Ω–∏—Ü–∞,
–í –ø–æ–ª–µ —è–¥—Ä–æ,
–ê –≤ –¥–æ–º–µ –¥–æ–±—Ä–æ.

–î—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏ “–∑–∞—Å–µ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –∑—ë—Ä–µ–Ω” –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç: “–ù–∞ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å–µ, –Ω–∞ –∑–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤—å–µ, –Ω–∞ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–µ –ª–µ—Ç–æ, —Ä–æ–¥–∏, –ë–æ–∂–µ, –∂–∏—Ç–æ, –ø—à–µ–Ω–∏—Ü—É –∏ –≤—Å—è–∫—É—é –ø–∞—à–Ω–∏—Ü—É”. –ò–ª–∏: “–£—Ä–æ–¥–∏, –ë–æ–∂–µ, –≤—Å—è–∫–æ–≥–æ –∂–∏—Ç–∞ –ø–æ –∑–∞–∫—Ä–æ–º—É, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ –∑–∞–∫—Ä–æ–º—É –¥–∞ –ø–æ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º—É, –∞ –∏ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –±—ã –∂–∏—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Å—å –º–∏—Ä –∫—Ä–µ—â—ë–Ω—ã–π”. –í —ç—Ç–æ–º –æ–±—Ä—è–¥–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –Ω–∞—à–∏—Ö –∞—Ä—Ö–µ–æ–ª–æ–≥–æ–≤ –≤–∏–¥—è—Ç –æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ–∫ –∫–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ-—Ç–æ –∑–∞–±—ã—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Å–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ—Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –∏ —ç—Ç–∏–º –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω—è—é—Ç, –∫–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º –≤ “–∑–∞—Å–µ–≤–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é” –ø–µ—Å–Ω—é –Ω–∞ –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –ì–æ–¥ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—à–∏–º–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–∫–∞–º–∏ –∏–º—è –ò–ª—å–∏-–ø—Ä–æ—Ä–æ–∫–∞ ‚Äî –ø–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –∑–µ–º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–ª–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∏—è. –í —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å —É–ø–æ–º—è–Ω—É—Ç—ã–º “–ø–æ—Å–µ–≤–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º” –æ–±—Ä—è–¥–æ–º –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –∏ –æ–±—ã—á–∞–π –Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤ –¥–µ–Ω—å (–∫–∞–∫ –Ω–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ–¥–µ–ª—å—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–∏–∫) –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–ª—è—Ç—å –∫–∞—à—É, —Å–æ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–æ–∂–¥–∞—è —Å–∏–µ –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–º–∏ –æ–±—Ä—è–¥–∞–º–∏. –ò —Ç–∞–∫ –∫–∞–∫ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —ç—Ç–æ –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ –ø–æ—Å–≤—è—â–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≥–∞–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è–º, –Ω–∞ –∫–∞—à–µ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –≥–∞–¥–∞—é—Ç ‚Äî –æ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–∏ –∏ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞. –ï—â–µ –≤ –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö –µ—Å—Ç—å –æ–±—ã–∫–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤ –¥–µ–Ω—å —Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ –¥–æ–º–∞–º –∏ —Å–æ–±–∏—Ä–∞—Ç—å –ø–∏—Ä–æ–≥–∏, —Å–≤–∏–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–æ–≥–∏ –∏ –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ —Å—ä–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ —Å–≤—è—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏–ø–∞—Å—ã. –ü–æ—Å–µ–ª—è–Ω–µ, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞—é—â–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ –æ–±—Ö–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –ø–æ–¥ –æ–∫–Ω–∞–º–∏ –¥–æ–º–æ–≤: “–°–≤–∏–Ω–∫—É –¥–∞ –±–æ—Ä–æ–≤–∫–∞ –≤—ã–¥–∞–π –¥–ª—è –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–∞ –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä–∫–∞!” –ò–ª–∏ –∂–µ: “–ö–∏—à–∫—É –¥–∞ –Ω–æ–∂–∫–∏ ‚Äî –≤ –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–Ω–µ–µ –æ–∫–æ—à–∫–æ!” –°–≤–∏–Ω–æ–µ –º—è—Å–æ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ —É–≥–æ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–∞ –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä–∞ –∏ –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–≤—è—Ç–æ–∫.

–í–æ—Ç –ø–æ—á–µ–º—É –∏ –°–≤. –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏–π –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–π, –ø–∞–º—è—Ç—å –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –ü—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è –¶–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω—É–µ—Ç 1-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è, —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–∫—Ä–æ–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –¥–æ–º–∞—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ —Å–∫–æ—Ç–∞. –ü–∞—Å—Ç—É—Ö–∏ –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ —á—Ç—É—Ç –°–≤. –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏—è –∏ –±–æ—è—Ç—Å—è –ø—Ä–æ–≥–Ω–µ–≤–∏—Ç—å –µ–≥–æ. –í –û—Ä–ª–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –≥—É–±–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–∞ –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –ì–æ–¥ –ø—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –∂–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Ä–æ—Å–µ–Ω–∫–∞ –∏ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç –µ–≥–æ “–∫–∞—Å–∞—Ä–µ—Ü–∫–∏–º” ‚Äî —è—Å–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –æ—Ç –Ω–∞–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –°–≤. –í–∞—Å–∏–ª–∏—è –ö–µ—Å–∞—Ä–∏–π—Å–∫–∏–º. –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤ –¥–µ–Ω—å –≤ –±—ã—Ç—É —Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –µ—â–µ —Å—Ä–æ–∫–æ–º –≤ —Ö–æ–∑—è–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –≤—Ä–µ–º—è–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏, –∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª–∏: “—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –æ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–µ –¥–Ω–µ”; –∏–ª–∏: “–°–ª—É—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤ –¥–µ–Ω—å”; “–û–Ω –Ω–∞–Ω—è–ª—Å—è –æ—Ç –í–∞—Å–∏–ª—å–µ–≤–∞ –¥–Ω—è –¥–æ –ï–≤–¥–æ–∫–∏–∏” –∏ —Ç.–ø.”. –ù–µ –±–µ–∑ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç—å, –∫–∞–∫ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∞–ª–∏ —Å–∞–º—ã–π —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∏ –Ω–∞ –µ—Å—Ç—å –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–π –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥, –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–º –í–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–º. –û–± —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–æ–æ–±—â–∞–µ—Ç –ì. –ì–µ–æ—Ä–≥–∏–µ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –≤ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ ” –ü—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ —Å–ª—É–∂–±—ã…”: “–ü–µ—Ä–µ–¥ —Å–∞–º—ã–º –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º 18 –≤–µ–∫–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–µ—Å–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–µ —á–∏—Å–ª–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è-–º–µ—Å—è—Ü–∞. –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –ì–æ–¥ –æ–∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –∏ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–º –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º. 20-–≥–æ –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1699-–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —É–∫–∞–∑–æ–º –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ I –ø—Ä–µ–¥–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ –æ—Ç –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –•—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤–∞, –∞ –Ω–µ –æ—Ç –°–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ú–∏—Ä–∞, –∏ —ç—Ç–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–µ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞—Ç—å —Å 1-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1700-–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞, —Å –∫–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ –∏ –≤–ø—Ä–µ–¥—å –≤–µ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å—á–µ—Ç –≥–æ–¥–∞–º.

–ö–∞–∫ –Ω–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –¥–ª—è —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω—ã —É–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –Ω–∞ –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å –µ–≤—Ä–æ–ø–µ–π—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Ö—Ä–∏—Å—Ç–∏–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞–º–∏, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ —Å –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ —Å–ª–∞–≤—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º–∏, “–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Å –í–æ—Å—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ–π –ü—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π –Ω–∞—à–µ–π –¶–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤—å—é –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ–º —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–Ω—ã”, –∏ —Å –≥—Ä–µ–∫–∞–º–∏, “–æ—Ç –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –≤–µ—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞—à–∞ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω–∞—è –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è—Ç–∞”. –í —ç—Ç–æ–º –∂–µ —É–∫–∞–∑–µ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª –∏ –ø–æ—Ä—è–¥–æ–∫ –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ù–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ì–æ–¥–∞. –ü—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å “–ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ–¥–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫ –ë–æ–≥—É –∏ –º–æ–ª–µ–±–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤–∏ (–∞ –∫–æ–º—É —Å–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—Å—è ‚Äî –∏ –≤ –¥–æ–º—É —Å–≤–æ–µ–º)” —É –¥–æ–º–æ–≤ –∑–∞–∂–∏—Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–∂–∞–Ω, –ø—Ä–µ–¥ –≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏, —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å —É–∫—Ä–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–∑ —Ö–≤–æ–π–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—å–µ–≤, “–∞ –ª—é–¥—è–º —Å–∫—É–¥–Ω—ã–º –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É —Ö–æ—Ç—å –ø–æ –¥—Ä–µ–≤—Ü—É –∏–ª–∏ –≤–µ—Ç–≤–µ –Ω–∞–¥ –≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏ –∏–ª–∏ –Ω–∞–¥ —Ö—Ä–∞–º–∏–Ω–æ—é —Å–≤–æ–µ—é –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å”, –∏ —ç—Ç–∏ —É–∫—Ä–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ —Å–µ–¥—å–º–æ–π –¥–µ–Ω—å —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è. –í –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –∂–µ –¥–µ–Ω—å –ù–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ì–æ–¥–∞, “–∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π –ö—Ä–∞—Å–Ω–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ –æ–≥–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ—Ç–µ—Ö–∏ –∑–∞–∂–≥—É—Ç –∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—å–±–∞ –±—É–¥–µ—Ç”, —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–æ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä–∞–º –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—ã–º –ª—é–¥—è–º “–∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–º—É –Ω–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º –¥–≤–æ—Ä–µ –∏–∑ –Ω–µ–±–æ–ª—å—à–∏—Ö –ø—É—à–µ—á–µ–∫, –±—É–¥–µ —É –∫–æ–≥–æ –µ—Å—Ç—å, –∏ –∏–∑ –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–∏—Ö –º—É—à–∫–µ—Ç–æ–≤ –∏–ª–∏ –∏–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–µ–ª–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä—É–∂—å—è —É—á–∏–Ω–∏—Ç—å —Ç—Ä–∏–∂–¥—ã —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª—å–±—É –∏ –≤—ã–ø—É—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å –Ω–µ—Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ä–∞–∫–µ—Ç–æ–≤, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —É –∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–ª—É—á–∏—Ç—Å—è”; –∞ –ø–æ –Ω–æ—á–∞–º ‚Äî –∂–µ—á—å –ø—Ä–µ–¥ –¥–æ–º–∞–º–∏ –¥—Ä–æ–≤–∞, —Ö–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Å—Ç, —Å–æ–ª–æ–º—É, –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–±–∏–∫–∞—Ö ‚Äî —Å–º–æ–ª—è–Ω—ã–µ –±–æ—á–∫–∏.

–ò–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –∂–∏–∑–Ω–µ–æ–ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –ü–µ—Ç—Ä–∞ I, –ì–æ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤, –¥–∞–µ—Ç –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –ª—é–±–æ–ø—ã—Ç–Ω–æ–µ –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —É–∫–∞–∑–∞: “–í–µ–¥–∞—è —É–º–æ–Ω–∞—á–µ—Ä—Ç–∞–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞ —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ, –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –≤—Å—è–∫—É—é –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω—É –æ–±—Ä—è–¥–æ–≤ –Ω–∞ —Å—á–µ—Ç –≤–µ—Ä—ã, –∫–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ—é –∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –∏–º –∏ —Å–∏—è (–ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –ù–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ì–æ–¥–∞ –ø–æ-—Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–º—É), —Ç–æ —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–∞ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç—å –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –º—ã—Å–ª–∏ –∫–∞–∫–∏–º –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥–º–µ—Ç–æ–º, —Ä–∞—Å—Å—É–¥–∏–ª –ø—Ä–µ–º—É–¥—Ä—ã–π –ì–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—å —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∏–º –ù–æ–≤—ã–π, 1700-–π, –≥–æ–¥ –Ω–∞—á–∞—Ç—å —Å –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–º —Ç–æ—Ä–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –æ—á–∞–º –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∏–µ –∑—Ä–µ–ª–∏—â–∞, –∫–∞–∫–∏—Ö –æ–Ω –Ω–µ –≤–∏–¥—ã–≤–∞–ª –∏ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –±—ã —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ—Ç–≤–ª–µ—á—å –µ–≥–æ –æ—Ç –≤—Å—è–∫–∏—Ö –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö, —Ä–∞–∑–≤—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö, —Ç–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–π”. –ü—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞, —Å–∞–º –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä, –≤ —Ä–∞–∑–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–µ —Å –ø—Ä—É—Å—Å–∫–∏–º –º–∏–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–º –±–∞—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–º –ú–∞—Ä–¥—ç—Ñ–µ–ª—å–¥–æ–º, –∏–Ω–∞—á–µ –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω—è–ª –ø–æ–±—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º–∏ –æ–Ω —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –ø—Ä–∏ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ –±–ª–µ—Å—Ç—è—â–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –∏ —Ñ–µ–π–µ—Ä–≤–µ—Ä–∫–æ–≤. –û–Ω –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª: “–ß—Ä–µ–∑ —É–≤–µ—Å–µ–ª–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –æ–≥–Ω–∏ —è –º–æ–≥—É –ø—Ä–∏—É—á–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –ø–æ–¥–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –∫ –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –ø–ª–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏ –∏ –∏—Ö –≤ –æ–Ω–æ–º —É–ø—Ä–∞–∂–Ω—è—Ç—å; –ø–æ–µ–ª–∏–∫—É —è –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ç–∏–ª –∏–∑ –æ–ø—ã—Ç–∞, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–µ–º –º–µ–Ω–µ–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞—à–∏–º—Å—è –≤–æ–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–ª–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏, —á–µ–º –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤—ã–∫–Ω–µ–º –æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å —É–≤–µ—Å–µ–ª–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –æ–≥–Ω—è–º–∏”.

–ü–æ-–≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ–º—É, –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ —Ü–µ–ª–∏ –∏ –æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –æ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –≤–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ. –ï—â–µ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–Ω—É–Ω–µ –≤–µ—Å—å –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç –±—ã–ª —É–±–æ—Ä–∫–æ–π —É–ª–∏—Ü –∏ –¥–æ–º–æ–≤. –í—Å—é–¥—É —Ä–∞—Å—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å —Ö–≤–æ–π–Ω—ã–µ –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—å—è –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–µ—à–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω—ã–µ –≤–µ—Ç–≤–∏. –£—Ç—Ä–æ–º 1-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–∞ –æ–≥–ª–∞—Å–∏–ª–∞—Å—å —Ç–æ—Ä–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –∫–æ–ª–æ–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∑–≤–æ–Ω–æ–º –≤—Å–µ—Ö –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Ü–µ—Ä–∫–≤–µ–π. –ü–æ —É–ª–∏—Ü–∞–º —à–ª–æ –≤–æ–π—Å–∫–æ —Å–æ –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∞–º–∏, –±–∞—Ä–∞–±–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–º –±–æ–µ–º –∏ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–æ–π. –ü–æ –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –º–æ–ª–µ–±—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è, –ø—Ä–∏ –≤–æ–∑–≥–ª–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è, –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –∫–æ–ª–æ–∫–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –∑–≤–æ–Ω–æ–º —Ä–∞–∑–¥–∞–ª—Å—è –≥—Ä–æ–º –ø—É—à–µ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∏ —Ä—É–∂–µ–π–Ω—ã—Ö –≤—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–æ–≤. –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä “—Å –ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω–æ—é –ª–∞—Å–∫–æ–π” –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª –ø–æ–∑–¥—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º —É–≥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–ª –≤—Å–µ—Ö –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö –æ—Å–æ–±, —Å –∂–µ–Ω–∞–º–∏ –∏ –¥–æ—á–µ—Ä—å–º–∏, –ø—ã—à–Ω—ã–º –æ–±–µ–¥–æ–º —Å –º—É–∑—ã–∫–æ–π –∏ –ø–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º, –∞ –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—Ü–æ–º –∏ —É —Ç—Ä–µ—Ö —Ç—Ä–∏—É–º—Ñ–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç –±—ã–ª–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω—ã “—Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ —è—Å—Ç–≤—ã –∏ —á–∞–Ω—ã —Å –≤–∏–Ω–æ–º –∏ –ø–∏–≤–æ–º”. –í–µ—á–µ—Ä–æ–º –≤—Å–µ —É–ª–∏—Ü—ã –∏ –¥–æ–º–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ—Å–≤–µ—â–µ–Ω—ã, –∞ –¥–æ–º–∞ –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —É–∫—Ä–∞—à–µ–Ω—ã —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã–º–∏ –æ–≥–Ω—è–º–∏ –∏ –∫–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏. –ü—Ä–µ–¥ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—Ü–æ–º –±—ã–ª —Å–æ–∂–∂–µ–Ω —Ñ–µ–π–µ—Ä–≤–µ—Ä–∫ —Å–æ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –ø–æ—Ç–µ—à–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–≥–Ω–µ–π –∏ –≥—Ä–æ–º–æ–º –ø—É—à–µ—á–Ω—ã—Ö –≤—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–µ–ª–æ–≤.

–ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —ç—Ç–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–µ —Ç–æ—Ä–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤–µ—á–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–º —Å—Ç–æ–ª–æ–º –≤–æ –¥–≤–æ—Ä—Ü–µ –∏ –±–∞–ª–æ–º, –∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º —Ü–µ–ª—ã–º —Ä—è–¥–æ–º –ø–∏—Ä—à–µ—Å—Ç–≤ –∏ –±–∞–ª–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –¥–æ 7-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è —É—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏ —É —Å–µ–±—è –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –æ—Å–æ–±—ã –∏ –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –æ–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å “–∂–µ–Ω—ã –∏ –¥–µ–≤–∏—Ü—ã –≥–æ—Å–ø–æ–¥—Å–∫–∏–µ”. “–ò –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, ‚Äî –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–∞–µ—Ç –ì–æ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤, ‚Äî —á—Ç–æ —Å –ù–æ–≤—ã–º –ì–æ–¥–æ–º –Ω–æ–≤–æ–µ –≤–≤–µ–ª–æ—Å—å –∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ”. –ù–æ –µ–¥–≤–∞ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—á–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–∞–∑–¥–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥ –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª –≤ —Å–µ–±—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–µ–≥–æ —à—É–º–∞, –∫–∞–∫ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –ø–æ–¥–Ω—è–ª—Å—è —Ä–æ–ø–æ—Ç –ø–æ –ø–æ–≤–æ–¥—É –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω—ã –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è. –í–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ ‚Äî –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞, –Ω–æ –∏ –∏–∑ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞—à–Ω–µ–π –º–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –∑–Ω–∞—Ç–∏ ‚Äî —É–¥–∏–≤–ª—è–ª–∏—Å—å: “–ö–∞–∫ –º–æ–≥ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—å –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—å —Å–æ–ª–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ–µ —Ç–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ?” –í–µ—Ä—É—è, —á—Ç–æ –ë–æ–≥ —Å–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª —Å–≤–µ—Ç –≤ —Å–µ–Ω—Ç—è–±—Ä–µ-–º–µ—Å—è—Ü–µ, –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–∏ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–º –ª–µ—Ç–æ–∏—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏. –ò–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ç–æ—Ä –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º –∏ —Å–∞–º –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª–∏–ª –¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ. “–í –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –∂ –º–µ—Å—Ç–∞—Ö –≤–æ –≤—Å–µ–º –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏ –æ—Ç —Å–µ–≥–æ —á–∏—Å–ª–∞ (1-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è 1700-–≥–æ –≥–æ–¥–∞) –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç—å –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥”. –ë—ã—Ç—É–µ—Ç –º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ, —á—Ç–æ –æ–±—ã—á–∞–π —É–∫—Ä–∞—à–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞ –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ –µ–ª–∫—É –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–ª –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏—é –æ—Ç–∫—É–¥–∞-—Ç–æ —Å –ó–∞–ø–∞–¥–∞. –û–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ –æ–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–∏—è –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏—Ö —Å–ª–∞–≤—è–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –æ–±—ã—á–∞–µ–≤ –æ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä–≥–∞—é—Ç —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –°–ª–∞–≤—è–Ω–µ, –≤ —Ç–æ–º —á–∏—Å–ª–µ —Ä—É—Å–∏—á–∏, –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª–∏—Å—å —Å –ø–æ—á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º –∫ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤–µ—á–Ω–æ–∑–µ–ª–µ–Ω–æ–º—É –¥–µ—Ä–µ–≤—É, —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª–∏–∑–∏—Ä—É—é—â–µ–º—É –∑–¥–æ—Ä–æ–≤—å–µ, –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ–ª–µ—Ç–∏–µ –∏ –¥–∞–∂–µ –±–µ—Å—Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏–µ (“–ó–∏–º–æ–π –∏ –ª–µ—Ç–æ–º ‚Äî –æ–¥–Ω–∏–º —Ü–≤–µ—Ç–æ–º”).

–ö —Ç–æ–º—É –∂–µ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, —á—Ç–æ –º–æ—Ä–æ–∑–Ω–æ–π –∑–∏–º–æ–π –¥–æ–±—Ä—ã–µ –ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–µ –¥—É—Ö–∏ —Å–æ–≥—Ä–µ–≤–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤ –ø—É—à–∏—Å—Ç–æ–π –µ–ª–æ–≤–æ–π –∫—Ä–æ–Ω–µ. –ß—Ç–æ–±—ã –∑–∞–¥–æ–±—Ä–∏—Ç—å –∏—Ö, –Ω–∞—à–∏ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–∫–∏-—Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–µ–ø–æ–∫–ª–æ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Ç–∫–∞—Ö –µ–ª–µ–π —É–≥–æ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –≤—Å—è–∫–∏–µ –¥–∞—Ä—ã. –û —Å—É—Ç–∏ –æ–±—Ä—è–¥–∞ –ø–æ–∫–ª–æ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –µ–ª–∫–µ, –∫–∞–∫ —ç—Ç–æ —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ –±—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç, –∑–∞–±—ã–ª–∏, –∞ –æ–±—ã—á–∞–π –æ—Å—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è ‚Äî –∏ —Ç–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è—è –µ–ª–∫–∞ –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –¥–∞—Ä–æ–≤ —Å–≤–µ—Ç–ª—ã–º –ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–º –¥—É—Ö–∞–º —É–∫—Ä–∞—à–µ–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –∏–≥—Ä—É—à–∫–∞–º–∏. –ì–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç: –∫–∞–∫ –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—à—å, —Ç–∞–∫ –µ–≥–æ –∏ –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ—à—å. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤—Å–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞—é—Ç—Å—è, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–æ–ª—å–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã–º, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Å–µ–º—å—è —Å–æ–±—Ä–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ, –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–∏–º, –¥–æ–ª–≥–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω—ã –∏ –æ–±–∏–¥—ã –ø—Ä–æ—â–µ–Ω—ã. –ï—Å—Ç—å —É –∫–∞–∂–¥–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –∏ —Å–≤–æ–∏ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ–¥–Ω–∏–µ —Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∏—Ü–∏–∏. –ë–æ–ª–≥–∞—Ä—ã –≤ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ—á—å –≥–∞—Å—è—Ç —Å–≤–µ—Ç –∏ —Ü–µ–ª—É—é—Ç—Å—è. –ò—Ä–ª–∞–Ω–¥—Ü—ã —Ä–∞—Å–ø–∞—Ö–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–µ–∂—å –¥–≤–µ—Ä–∏. –ö—É–±–∏–Ω—Ü—ã –≤—ã–ª–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –≤–æ–¥—É –∏–∑ –æ–∫–æ–Ω. –ë–∏—Ä–º–∞–Ω—Ü—ã –æ–±–ª–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç –¥—Ä—É–≥ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∞ –≤–æ–¥–æ–π (—É –Ω–∏—Ö –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Å–∞–º–æ–µ –∂–∞—Ä–∫–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è)… –ù–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏—Ç –æ–¥–Ω–æ: –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–µ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ –∫–∞–∫ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –ª—É—á—à–µ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∏ –æ–Ω –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç–∏–ª —Ç–µ–º –∂–µ. –ï—Å—Ç–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, –ü—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º —Å–º—ã—Å–ª–µ –Ω–µ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Ö–æ—Ç—è 1-–µ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è –∏ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç–æ —Å–æ–≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—å —Å –∏–¥—É—â–∏–º –≤ —ç—Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –†–æ–∂–¥–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ–º. –ó–∞—Ç–æ –º—ã –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–µ–º –ù–æ–≤—ã–π –≥–æ–¥ –¥–≤–∞–∂–¥—ã ‚Äî –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –¥–µ–Ω—å 1-–≥–æ —è–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—è, –ø–æ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–º—É —Å—Ç–∏–ª—é, –Ω–æ –∏ —Å–ø—É—Å—Ç—è 13 –¥–Ω–µ–π, –≤ –°–≤—è—Ç–∫–∏, ‚Äî –ø–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–æ–º—É —Å—Ç–∏–ª—é. (–ù–æ–≤—ã–π —Å—Ç–∏–ª—å –±—ã–ª –≤–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω –≤ –†–æ—Å—Å–∏–∏ 14-–≥–æ —Ñ–µ–≤—Ä–∞–ª—è 1918 –≥–æ–¥–∞).