Краевед Самара

–ë–∏–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—è –õ–µ–æ–Ω–∏–¥–∞ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞

–û–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ 1 –ú–∞—Ä—Ç 2020 –æ—Ç –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å

–õ–µ–æ–Ω–∏–¥ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω —Ä–æ–¥–∏–ª—Å—è –≤ 1924 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ –î–Ω–µ–ø—Ä–æ–ø–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–µ –≤ —Å–µ–º—å–µ —Ñ–æ—Ç–æ–≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∞. –° —Å–∞–º–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–µ–≥–æ –¥–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –æ–Ω —Ç—è–Ω—É–ª—Å—è –∫ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–µ, –∑–Ω–∞–ª –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–µ—Å–µ–Ω. –£–∂–µ –≤ —Ç—Ä–∏ –≥–æ–¥–∞ –≤ —Å–≤–æ–π –¥–µ–Ω—å —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–ª –≥–æ—Å—Ç—è–º “–î—É–±–∏–Ω—É—à–∫—É”. –ó–∞—Ç–µ–º –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è ‚Äî —Å–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–æ—Ä—Ç–µ–ø–∏–∞–Ω–æ, –ø–æ–∑–∂–µ –Ω–∞ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∫–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–∞—è —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ –ª—é–±–∏–º—ã–º –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º. –°–µ–º–∏–ª–µ—Ç–Ω–∏–π —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á –¥–µ–±—é—Ç–∏—Ä—É–µ—Ç “–ñ–∞–≤–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–∫–æ–º” –ì–ª–∏–Ω–∫–∏ ‚Äî —É–∂–µ –∫–∞–∫ —É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∫ –º–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —É—á–∏–ª–∏—â–∞, –≥–¥–µ –æ–Ω –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–µ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–µ–¥–∞–≥–æ–≥–∞ –§. –ì. –Ø–º–ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –ü—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è –æ–¥–∞—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –∏–Ω—Ç–µ–Ω—Å–∏–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏–π –ø—Ä–µ–¥–æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–∏–ª–∏ —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–∏–µ —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–∏ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–≥–æ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞. –í –≤–æ–∑—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–µ 9 –ª–µ—Ç –æ–Ω —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –æ–±–ª–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–∞ —é–Ω—ã—Ö –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π-—Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–µ–π, –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –•–∞—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤–µ. –£—á–∏—Ç—ã–≤–∞—è –≤—ã–¥–∞—é—â–∏–π—Å—è —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç –º–∞–ª—å—á–∏–∫–∞, –î–Ω–µ–ø—Ä–æ–ø–µ—Ç—Ä–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π –æ–±–∫–æ–º –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–∏ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤—É ‚Äî –≤ –æ—Å–æ–±—É—é –¥–µ—Ç—Å–∫—É—é –≥—Ä—É–ø–ø—É –ø—Ä–∏ –ú–æ—Å–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å –ø—Ä–æ—Ñ–µ—Å—Å–æ—Ä–∞ –ê. –ò. –Ø–º–ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –° –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –≤—ã—Ö–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥—É –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ –≤ 1935 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–µ—Ä—ã–≤–Ω–∞—è –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω–∞—è –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞. –ù–µ–∑–∞–¥–æ–ª–≥–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –≤–æ–π–Ω–æ–π –æ–Ω –¥–µ–±—é—Ç–∏—Ä—É–µ—Ç —Å –æ—Ä–∫–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–º –Ω–∞ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–µ –ë–æ–ª—å—à–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–ª–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—è –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç –¥–ª—è —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∫–∏ –ë—Ä–∞–º—Å–∞. –í –≥–æ–¥—ã –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã ‚Äî –±–µ—Å—á–∏—Å–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç—ã –≤ –≥–æ—Å–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª—è—Ö, –Ω–∞ –∑–∞–≤–æ–¥–∞—Ö, –≤ –±–ª–æ–∫–∞–¥–Ω–æ–º –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥–µ. –ï—â–µ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –≤ 1947 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–µ—Ç –≤—ã—Å—à—É—é –Ω–∞–≥—Ä–∞–¥—É –Ω–∞ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–µ –ú–µ–∂–¥—É–Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–µ—Å—Ç–∏–≤–∞–ª—è –¥–µ–º–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ–∂–∏ –≤ –ü—Ä–∞–≥–µ, –∞ –≤ 1951 –≥–æ–¥—É, –±—É–¥—É—á–∏ —É–∂–µ –∞—Å–ø–∏—Ä–∞–Ω—Ç–æ–º –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, –∑–∞–≤–æ–µ–≤—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–≤—É—é –ø—Ä–µ–º–∏—é –Ω–∞ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–º –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º —Å–æ—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ ‚Äî –ú–µ–∂–¥—É–Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–µ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –±–µ–ª—å–≥–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–æ—Ä–æ–ª–µ–≤—ã –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞–≤–µ—Ç—ã –≤ –ë—Ä—é—Å—Å–µ–ª–µ. –ò–º—è –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –º–∏—Ä–æ–≤—É—é —Å–ª–∞–≤—É. –° —Ç—Ä–∏—É–º—Ñ–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –µ–≥–æ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –°–°–°–†, –∞ —Å 1953 –≥–æ–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –º–µ–∂–¥—É–Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –≥–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–ª–∏.
–í –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ 40-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤ —É –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–æ–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Ç —Å –∑–∞–º–µ—á–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–∫–æ–π, –ª–∞—É—Ä–µ–∞—Ç–æ–º –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –º–µ–∂–¥—É–Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–∞ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –≠. –ò–∑–∞–∏ –≤ –ë—Ä—é—Å—Å–µ–ª–µ –ï–ª–∏–∑–∞–≤–µ—Ç–æ–π –ì—Ä–∏–≥–æ—Ä—å–µ–≤–Ω–æ–π –ì–∏–ª–µ–ª—å—Å. –û–Ω–∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞—é—Ç –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ, –º—É–∑–∏—Ü–∏—Ä—É—é—Ç. –î—Ä—É–∂–±–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ä–∞—Å—Ç–∞–µ—Ç –≤ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ–µ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –í 1948 –≥–æ–¥—É –æ–Ω–∏ —Ä–µ—à–∞—é—Ç –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–∏ —Å—É–¥—å–±—ã. –í —Å–µ–º—å–µ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –¥–≤–æ–µ –¥–µ—Ç–µ–π, —Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–∏—Ö —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏, –ª–∞—É—Ä–µ–∞—Ç–∞–º–∏ –º–µ–∂–¥—É–Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–æ–≤: —Å—ã–Ω –ü–∞–≤–µ–ª ‚Äî —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á –∏ –¥–∏—Ä–∏–∂–µ—Ä, –¥–æ—á—å –ù–∏–Ω–∞ ‚Äî –ø–∏–∞–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–∫–∞. “–ß–∞—Å—Ç–æ –º—ã –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ–º –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ, ‚Äî –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª –õ–µ–æ–Ω–∏–¥ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω, ‚Äî –∏ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –Ω–∞—Å –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω—è–µ—Ç –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω–∞—è –ª—é–±–æ–≤—å –∫ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–µ, –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤—É. –°—É–¥—å–±–∞ —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–ª–∞ –Ω–∞—Å —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ —Ç–∞–∫ —Ç–µ—Å–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤ –ª–∏—Ü–µ –ü–∞–≤–ª–∞ –∏ –ù–∏–Ω—ã —è –∏–º–µ—é –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–Ω–µ—Ä–æ–≤ –∫–∞–∫ –≤ —Å–æ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ –≤ —Å–∏–º—Ñ–æ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞—Ö”. –≠—Ç–∞–ø–Ω—ã–º –¥–ª—è –õ–µ–æ–Ω–∏–¥–∞ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª 1955 –≥–æ–¥, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –æ–Ω –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª –≤–æ –§—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏. –ï–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ü–∏—è –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞ –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏ –≤—ã–∑–≤–∞–ª–∞ —Å–µ–Ω—Å–∞—Ü–∏—é. –ò–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–π –∫—Ä–∏—Ç–∏–∫ –≠. –ñ—É—Ä–¥–∞–Ω-–ú–æ—Ä–∞–Ω–∂ –ø–∏—Å–∞–ª–∞, —á—Ç–æ –≤–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–ª–æ –æ—â—É—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ, “–±—É–¥—Ç–æ —Å–∞–º –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–µ –∏ –∏–≥—Ä–∞–µ—Ç —Å–≤–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç”. –í –ü–∞—Ä–∏–∂–µ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ–ª —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∫—É —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç–æ–≥–æ –∏—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä–∞ –ì–≤–∞—Ä–Ω–µ—Ä–∏ –¥–µ–ª—å –î–∂–µ–∑—É, –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≥–æ –ª—é–±–∏–ª –∑–∞ –∏—Ö –º–æ—â–Ω–æ–µ –∑–≤—É—á–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π, –≥—É—Å—Ç–æ–π —Ç–µ–º–±—Ä. –í —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–º –≥–æ–¥—É –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤—É –õ–µ–æ–Ω–∏–¥–∞ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –∞–ø–ª–æ–¥–∏—Ä—É—é—Ç —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω –õ–∞—Ç–∏–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π –ê–º–µ—Ä–∏–∫–∏, –≥–¥–µ –µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞—é—Ç “–≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–º –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–æ–º –Ω–∞—à–µ–≥–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏”. –í 1958 –≥–æ–¥—É ‚Äî –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–µ —Ç—É—Ä–Ω–µ –ø–æ –°–æ–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º –®—Ç–∞—Ç–∞–º –ê–º–µ—Ä–∏–∫–∏. –ü–æ—Å–ª–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞ –≤ –ö–∞—Ä–Ω–µ–≥–∏-—Ö–æ–ª–ª –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –≥–ª—É–±–∏–Ω–∞ –µ–≥–æ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ü–∏–∏: “–ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω ‚Äî —Ä–µ–¥–∫–∏–π —Å–ª—É—á–∞–π —Å—Ä–µ–¥–∏ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–æ–≤-–∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π: –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–∏–π –∏–∑ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–æ–≤, –æ–Ω –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–¥–∏–æ–∑–Ω–µ–π—à–∏–π —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö —É –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∏”.
–ù–µ–∏–∑–≥–ª–∞–¥–∏–º–æ–µ –≤–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—á–∏ —Å –Ø. –•–µ–π—Ñ–µ—Ü–µ–º, –ú. –≠–ª—å–º–∞–Ω–æ–º, –ü. –ú–æ–Ω—Ç–µ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º–∏ –≤—ã–¥–∞—é—â–∏–º–∏—Å—è –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏. –í —Ç–æ–º –∂–µ –≥–æ–¥—É –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–∞ –≤–æ—Å—Ö–∏—â–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —è–ø–æ–Ω—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏, –∞ –≤ 1962 ‚Äî —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –ê–≤—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–ª–∏–∏ –∏ –ù–æ–≤–æ–π –ó–µ–ª–∞–Ω–¥–∏–∏. –ù–µ–æ–±—ã—á–∞–π–Ω–æ —É–ø–ª–æ—Ç–Ω–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏–∫ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≤ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞; –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö –°–°–°–† –ø–µ—Ä–µ–º–µ–∂–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å –∑–∞—Ä—É–±–µ–∂–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≥–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–ª—è–º–∏. –¢–∞–∫, –≤ 1982 –≥–æ–¥—É ‚Äî –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º –≥–æ–¥—É –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ ‚Äî –æ–Ω –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–ª –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ, –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω–≥—Ä–∞–¥–µ, –•–∞—Ä—å–∫–æ–≤–µ, –°–∞—Ä–∞—Ç–æ–≤–µ –∏ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞—Ö, –≥–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª –≤ –ò—Ç–∞–ª–∏–∏, –§—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü–∏–∏, –ì—Ä–µ—Ü–∏–∏, –ß–µ—Ö–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–∞–∫–∏–∏, –®–≤–µ–π—Ü–∞—Ä–∏–∏, –§–†–ì, –ò—Å–ø–∞–Ω–∏–∏, –î–∞–Ω–∏–∏, –ê–≤—Å—Ç—Ä–∏–∏… –ö—Ä–æ–º–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –±—ã–ª –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å–µ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –∂—é—Ä–∏ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–≥–æ –º–µ–∂–¥—É–Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–∞ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–µ–π ‚Äî –∫–æ–Ω–∫—É—Ä—Å–∞ –∏–º–µ–Ω–∏ –ü. –ò. –ß–∞–π–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤ –ú–æ—Å–∫–≤–µ. –ò, –∫–∞–∫ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞, –≤–µ–ª –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è —Å–æ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Å–µ—Ä–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏. –ù–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—É—Ç–∏ —Å—Ç–∏–ª—å –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –º–µ–Ω—è–ª—Å—è. –í –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥ —É—á–µ–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å—ã —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–∞ –±—ã–ª–∏ —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω—ã –ø—Ä–µ–∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Å –º—É–∑—ã–∫–æ–π –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ-—Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Å–∫–ª–∞–¥–∞ ‚Äî –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏, –í–µ–Ω—è–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –í—å–µ—Ç–∞–Ω–∞. “–ú–Ω–µ –≤ —ç—Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è, ‚Äî –≤—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–ª –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç, ‚Äî –≤ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–Ω–æ–º —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–æ—Å—å –∏–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å —á–∏—Å—Ç–æ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã–µ, —Å–ª–æ–∂–Ω—ã–µ –≤ —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–º –±–ª–µ—Å–∫–æ–º, –∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ –∏ –∏—Å—Ç–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–π –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é”. –ù–µ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–π–Ω–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–æ–≤–∫–∞ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –∏–∑ –≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–Ω —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞.
–ó–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º–∏ –≤ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –ø—É—Ç–∏ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ 1949‚Äî1950 –≥–æ–¥—ã, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á —Å –ø–æ—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –æ—Ç–¥–∞—á–µ–π –∏ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏–ª –ü–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏ –≤ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Ä–µ–¥–∞–∫—Ü–∏–∏ –∏ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–ª —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–¥–≤–∏–≥, —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞–≤ –≤ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–µ –≤—Å–µ 24 –∫–∞–ø—Ä–∏—Å–∞ –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Ü–∞. “–í–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω—ã–π” —ç—Ç–∞–ø –±—ã–ª –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–º –≤ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞, –≤ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –æ—Ä–∏–≥–∏–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö, –≤–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–ª—è—é—â–∏—Ö, –ø–æ—Ä–æ–π –Ω–µ–æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–π, –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑–µ –æ—Ç –ø—Ä–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—É—Ç–µ–π, –≤ –ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –æ—Ç—Ç–æ—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –º—ã—Å–ª–∏, —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –ü—Ä–∏—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞, –µ–≥–æ –æ—Å–ª–µ–ø–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∑–∞–≤–æ—Ä–∞–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏. –ö—Ä–∏—Ç–∏–∫–∞ –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ –ø–æ–¥–¥–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –∏ –Ω–∞–¥–æ–ª–≥–æ –∑–∞–∫—Ä–µ–ø–∏–ª–∞ –∑–∞ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–æ–º –∞–º–ø–ª—É–∞ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–∞-—Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–∫–∞. –ò –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã –æ–ø–ø–æ–Ω–∏—Ä—É—è –∫—Ä–∏—Ç–∏–∫–µ, –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω —Ä–µ–∑–∫–æ —Å–æ–∫—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ-—Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–∞, –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–µ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–æ—Å–º—ã—Å–ª–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –≤ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫–µ. –í –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–∞—Ö –≤—Å–µ –±–æ–ª—å—à–µ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞—é—Ç –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–ª–∞–Ω–∞: –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–∞ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤—è—Ç—Å—è —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–æ–π —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—ã, –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç—ã –∏ —Å–æ–Ω–∞—Ç—ã. –ù–∞ —Å–º–µ–Ω—É –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏, –í–µ–Ω—è–≤—Å–∫–æ–º—É, –°–∞—Ä–∞—Å–∞—Ç–µ –ø—Ä–∏—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –ë–µ—Ä–≥, –ú–æ—Ü–∞—Ä—Ç, –ë–µ—Ç—Ö–æ–≤–µ–Ω, –ë—Ä–∞–º—Å, –ß–∞–π–∫–æ–≤—Å–∫–∏–π, –ì–ª–∞–∑—É–Ω–æ–≤, –ü—Ä–æ–∫–æ—Ñ—å–µ–≤, –®–æ—Å—Ç–∞–∫–æ–≤–∏—á. –ò—Ç–æ–≥–æ–º —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –Ω–∞–¥ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∏–ª—è —Å—Ç–∞–ª –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π —Ü–∏–∫–ª —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≤, –ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–æ–º –≤ —Å–µ–∑–æ–Ω–µ 1956/57 –≥–æ–¥–∞. –ò–Ω—Ç–µ–Ω—Å–∏–≤–Ω–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–µ—Ä—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Å–æ–¥—Ä—É–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–∞ —Å —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ –∏ –∑–∞—Ä—É–±–µ–∂–Ω—ã–º–∏ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏.
–ê. –•–∞—á–∞—Ç—É—Ä—è–Ω, –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–≤—à–∏–π –¥–ª—è –Ω–µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç-—Ä–∞–ø—Å–æ–¥–∏—é, –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª: “–ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ —è –∑–∞–¥—É–º–∞–ª —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞—Ç—å –≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Ü–∏–∫–ª –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≤ ‚Äî –Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç —Ä–∞–∑ –ö–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≤-–†–∞–ø—Å–æ–¥–∏–π, ‚Äî –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –∏–∑ –Ω–∏—Ö —è –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–ª –∏ –ø–æ—Å–≤—è—Ç–∏–ª –∏–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω—É. –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—è –Ω–∞–¥ —ç—Ç–∏–º —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º, —è –≤—Å–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∏–º–µ–ª –≤ –≤–∏–¥—É –µ–≥–æ –º–æ–≥—É—á–∏–π —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç, –µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏, –µ–≥–æ –∏–∑—É–º–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ—á–Ω—ã–π –∑–≤—É–∫, —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç –±—ã–ª –æ–∫–æ–Ω—á–µ–Ω, —è –ø–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª –µ–≥–æ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω—É, –∏ —ç—Ç–æ—Ç –∏—Å–∫–ª—é—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —É–º–Ω—ã–π, –ø—Ä–æ–Ω–∏—Ü–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, —É–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ä–∞–∑–±–∏—Ä–∞—é—â–∏–π—Å—è –≤ –≤–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å–∞—Ö –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏, –∫–æ–µ-—á—Ç–æ –ø–æ—Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç–æ–≤–∞–ª –º–Ω–µ –≤–µ—Å—å–º–∞ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ–µ. –ù—É –∏ –∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ, –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ—á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞ —Ü–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∏—Ç –µ–º—É”. –°–æ–∑–¥–∞–ª–∏ –¥–ª—è –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ —Å–≤–æ–∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç—ã –¢. –•—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–æ–≤, –õ. –ö–Ω–∏–ø–ø–µ—Ä, –ö. –ö–∞—Ä–∞–µ–≤, –ú. –í–∞–π–Ω–±–µ—Ä–≥, –†. –ë—É–Ω–∏–Ω, –ê. –ñ–æ–ª–∏–≤–µ, –í. –ú–æ—Ä—Ç–∞—Ä–∏ –∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏–µ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–µ. –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω—É –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∏—Ç —Ç–æ—Ç –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–µ—Ü –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π —Å—Ç–∞–ª –æ—Ä–∏–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–º –¥–ª—è –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö, –≤—ã—Å–≤–µ—Ç–∏–ª –≤ —ç—Ç–∏—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ ‚Äî –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ —Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è—à–Ω–µ–≥–æ –¥–Ω—è, —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞-—Ç–≤–æ—Ä—Ü–∞. –†–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞–¥ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏ –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª–∞ —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–µ –≤–æ–∑–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∏–ª—è, –æ–±–æ–≥–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω—É-–∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—É –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–ª–∞—Å—å –±–æ–ª—å—à–∞—è —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–∞ –¥–ª—è —Å–º–µ–ª–æ–≥–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —ç–∫—Å–ø–µ—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞, –ø–æ–∏—Å–∫–∞ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º –≤–æ–ø–ª–æ—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –∑–∞–º—ã—Å–ª–∞ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –≤–æ–∑–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–∏—Ö –Ω–∞ —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤. –ò—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ—á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ü–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞ –î. –®–æ—Å—Ç–∞–∫–æ–≤–∏—á–∞ –≤ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª–æ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é –ª–∏—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–∞. –ò–≥—Ä–∞—è —ç—Ç–æ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –Ω–∞—à–µ–ª –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω—ã–µ, “—è—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã–µ” –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∫–∏.
–ï–≥–æ —Å–º—ã—á–æ–∫, –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –±—ã–ª —Å—Ö–æ–∂ —Å–æ —Å–≤–µ—Ä–∫–∞—é—â–µ–π “—Å–∞—Ä–º–∞—Ç—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–∞–±–ª–µ–π”, –∫–∞–∫ –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –∑–∞—Ä—É–±–µ–∂–Ω–æ–π –ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∏. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç, –≥–¥–µ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –±—ã–ª–∞ –≤–æ–ø–ª–æ—â–µ–Ω–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ–ø—Ü–∏—è: —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫ –∏ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è, ‚Äî —Å—Ç–∞–ª —Å–∞–º–æ–π “–≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π” —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–æ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞. –ù–µ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–π–Ω–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–æ –≤ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—É –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–∏–ª—å–º–∞ –æ–± –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–µ (“–õ–µ–æ–Ω–∏–¥ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω”, 1966, –∫–∏–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—É–¥–∏—è –ù–∞—É—á–Ω–æ-–ø–æ–ø—É–ª—è—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö —Ñ–∏–ª—å–º–æ–≤, —Ä–µ–∂–∏—Å—Å–µ—Ä –°. –†–∞–π—Ç–±—É—Ä—Ç). –ù–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ª–µ—Ç –º–µ–Ω—è–ª–∞—Å—å –∫–æ–≥–∞–Ω–æ–≤—Å–∫–∞—è —Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–æ–≤–∫–∞ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞, –∑–∞—Ö–≤–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞—è –≤—Å–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–∏–µ –ø–ª–∞—Å—Ç—ã –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤ –Ω–µ–º —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è. –í–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ –ø—Ä–µ–æ–±–ª–∞–¥–∞–ª–∏ —á–µ—Ä—Ç—ã —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π —ç–∫—Å–ø—Ä–µ—Å—Å–∏–∏, –¥–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞–ø–æ—Ä–∞, –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–π –ø–ª–∞–Ω –∑–∞–º–µ—Ç–Ω–æ –≤—ã—à–ª–∏ —Ñ–∏–ª–æ—Å–æ—Ñ—Å–∫–æ-–ø—Å–∏—Ö–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤—ã –∑–∞–º—ã—Å–ª–∞ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ —Å—É–¥—å–±–∞—Ö —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –∏ –º–∏—Ä–∞. –í —Å–≤—è–∑–∏ —Å —ç—Ç–∏–º —É–∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–∏–ª—Å—è –º–∞—Å—à—Ç–∞–± –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤, —Ä–µ–ª—å–µ—Ñ–Ω–µ–µ, –º–æ—â–Ω–µ–µ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∞ –∏—Ö –ø–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏–∫–∞, —è—Ä—á–µ –∏ –≥–ª—É–±–∂–µ –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ª–∏—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏ —ç–ø–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª. –•—É–¥–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä—è–µ—Ç “—Ä–∞–º–∫–∏” –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞—è –æ—â—É—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–∏–∞–ª–æ–≥–∞ —Å –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º. –ü–æ–¥–æ–±–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥ –∫ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏–º –∑–∞–¥–∞—á–∞–º –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—á–µ–Ω—å —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º. –í 70-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö —Å—Ç–∏–ª—å –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –ø—Ä–µ—Ç–µ—Ä–ø–µ–≤–∞–µ—Ç —ç–≤–æ–ª—é—Ü–∏—é. –í –∏–≥—Ä–µ –ø–æ—è–≤–ª—è—é—Ç—Å—è –≥—Ä–∞—Ñ–∏—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –ª–∞–∫–æ–Ω–∏–∑–º, —Å–∫—É–ø–µ–µ –∏ —Ç–æ—á–Ω–µ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω—è—é—Ç—Å—è –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–µ –±—Ä–æ—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ò–≥—Ä–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ—Ç–∞–µ—Ç —á–∞—Å—Ç–æ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä –¥–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑–∞, –∞ –Ω–µ —Ä–µ—á–∏ —Ç—Ä–∏–±—É–Ω–∞. –°–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–µ, —Ç–æ–Ω–∫–æ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤—É—é—â–µ–π –∏ –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ –º—ã—Å–ª—è—â–µ–π, –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –ø–æ-–Ω–æ–≤–æ–º—É –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç –¥—É—Ö–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏–∫–∏, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Ñ–æ—Ä–º.

–ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–º –∫–ª—é—á–µ –±—ã–ª –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω –≤ –¥—É—ç—Ç–µ —Å –∑–∞–ø–∞–¥–Ω–æ–≥–µ—Ä–º–∞–Ω—Å–∫–∏–º –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–æ–º –ö–∞—Ä–ª–æ–º –†–∏—Ö—Ç–µ—Ä–æ–º —Ü–∏–∫–ª —Å–æ–Ω–∞—Ç –ë–∞—Ö–∞ –¥–ª—è —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∫–∏ –∏ —á–µ–º–±–∞–ª–æ, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Å –ù–∏–Ω–æ–π –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω —Ü–∏–∫–ª –±–µ—Ç—Ö–æ–≤–µ–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–æ–Ω–∞—Ç. –ö–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, —á—Ç–æ —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–∫–∞ –∏ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å ‚Äî –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –ª–∏—à—å –¥–∞–Ω—å —é–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∏ –Ω–∞–≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –æ—Å—Ç–∞—é—Ç—Å—è –≤–º–µ—Å—Ç–µ —Å –Ω–µ—é –≤ –ø—Ä–æ—à–ª–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏–∫–∞ –∏ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è ‚Äî –∏—Å—Ç–∏–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–≤–∞–Ω–∏–µ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞. –ò –≤–¥—Ä—É–≥ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –ø–æ—Ä–∞–∑–∏–ª –ø–æ–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–æ–º —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞. “–£ –ª—é–±–æ–≥–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è, ‚Äî –æ–±—ä—è—Å–Ω—è–ª –æ–Ω, ‚Äî –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —á–µ—Ä–µ–¥—É—é—Ç—Å—è –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥—ã. –ò–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∏—Ö —Å–º–µ–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã –Ω–µ –∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–∏—Ç –æ—Ç —Å—É–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã—Ö —Ü–µ–ª–µ–π –∏–ª–∏ –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –¥–∞–∂–µ –Ω–µ —Ö–æ—á–µ—Ç —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ. –ù–æ –Ω–µ–æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ –≤–¥—Ä—É–≥ –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—à—å, —á—Ç–æ –∫–æ–µ-—á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ –º–µ–Ω—è—Ç—å—Å—è ‚Äî –∏ –≤ –º–∞–Ω–µ—Ä–µ, –∏ –≤ —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–µ. –í–æ–∑–Ω–∏–∫–∞–µ—Ç –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π —Å—Ç–∏–ª—å, –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ, –∞ –∫–∞–∫–∏–º –ø—É—Ç–µ–º —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∏—à–ª–æ ‚Äî –Ω–µ–ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç–Ω–æ”. –ò –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∫ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã–º –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω—ã–º —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è–º, –Ω–æ —ç—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –ø–æ–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–π–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ, –∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–æ—Å–º—ã—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –ù–µ–æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω –±—ã–ª —Å–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã ‚Äî —Å–æ—á–µ—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—è —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≤ —Å –º–∏–Ω–∏–∞—Ç—é—Ä–∞–º–∏ –∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∫–∞–º–∏, –Ω–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º–∏ —Å –∞–∫–∫–æ–º–ø–∞–Ω–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º –æ—Ä–∫–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞. –®–∏—Ä–æ–∫–∏–π —Å—Ç–∏–ª–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –æ—Ö–≤–∞—Ç —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–ª–∞—Å—Ç–æ–≤ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏ ‚Äî –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π —Ü–∏–∫–ª —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π ‚Äî –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–ª –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –∫ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—é –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π, —Å–≤–æ–µ–æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–π –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—ã. –ê—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç –¥–æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞-–∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è ‚Äî –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤ —Ä–∞—Å—à–∏—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ü –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –Ω–æ –∏ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –ª–æ–≥–∏–∫–∏ —Ü–µ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤—Å–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏–¥–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –µ–¥–∏–Ω–∞—è —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–∞.

–ü–æ–¥–æ–±–Ω–æ–µ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞–º–µ—Ç–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —É –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –µ—â–µ –≤ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –î–æ—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–æ—á–Ω–æ –≤—Å–ø–æ–º–Ω–∏—Ç—å —Ü–µ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–µ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–º –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ü–∏–∫–ª–∞ –∫–∞–ø—Ä–∏—Å–æ–≤ –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤—Å–µ –æ–Ω–∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω–µ–Ω—ã —Å–∫–≤–æ–∑–Ω–æ–π –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π –ª–æ–≥–∏–∫–æ–π. –í –º–∏–Ω–∏–∞—Ç—é—Ä–∞—Ö, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–æ–º, —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞ –≤–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–º –±—ã–ª–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–æ—Å–º—ã—Å–ª–µ–Ω–∞ —Ä–µ–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏. –ò —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∏–¥–∞–ª–æ –∏–º –æ—Å–æ–±—ã–π –∫–æ–ª–æ—Ä–∏—Ç, —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª–æ –∏—Ö –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–∏–º–∏ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º—É —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—é. –ò —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏—á–Ω–µ–µ –≤ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–µ —Å—Ç–∞–ª–∏ —Å–æ—á–µ—Ç–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏, –í–µ–Ω—è–≤—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ, –°–∞—Ä–∞—Å–∞—Ç–µ –∏ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –ë–∞—Ö–∞, –ë–µ—Ç—Ö–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∞, –ë—Ä–∞–º—Å–∞. –í–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –∫ –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é –µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–ø—Ä–µ—Ç–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ç–∏–ª–µ–π –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–µ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–π–Ω—ã–º. –ê—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª–∏, –æ—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥—ã–µ, –ø—Ä–∏—à–µ–¥—à–∏–µ –≤ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–ª—ã –≤ –º–∏–Ω—É–≤—à–∏–µ –¥–≤–∞ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ-—Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª–∏—Å—å –¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ —Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ, –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä–µ–ª–∏ –≤–∫—É—Å –∫ –ª—É—á—à–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑—Ü–∞–º —ç—Ç–æ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏, –∑–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—â–µ–π –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–µ –º–µ—Å—Ç–æ –≤ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä—ã. “–ò–∑ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∫–∏ –≤ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∫—Ä–∏—Ç–∏–∫–∏ –∏ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–æ–≤–µ–¥—ã —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–ª–∏ “—Ñ–∏–ª–æ—Å–æ—Ñ—Å–∫–∏–π” –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç –∏ –∑–∞–±—ã–ª–∏ –æ–± –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –∫—Ä–∞—Å–æ—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∫–∏, –∏–º–ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–π —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–µ, ‚Äî –Ω–µ –±–µ–∑ –≥–æ—Ä–µ—á–∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Å—Ç–∞—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–ª –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω. ‚Äî –°—É–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–∞ –ª–∏—à–∏–ª–æ –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫—É –≤–∞–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏ –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ–≥–æ –µ–π. –Ø –æ—â—É—â–∞—é –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–º –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å —Å–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞. –ü—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω—ã –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∞—Ç—å –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Å–æ–Ω–∞—Ç—ã –∏ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç—ã, –Ω–æ –∏ —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –∏ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω—É—é –º—É–∑—ã–∫—É, –º–∏–Ω–∏–∞—Ç—é—Ä—ã ‚Äî –≤–µ—Å—å –±–æ–≥–∞—Ç—ã–π —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã–π —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä”. –°–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á –æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–ª: –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∏–º–ø—É–ª—å—Å, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏–∫–∞ –∑–∞–∑–≤—É—á–∞–ª–∞ –≤–Ω–æ–≤—å –≤ –ø–æ–ª–Ω—ã–π –≥–æ–ª–æ—Å.

–ò—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –º–∏–Ω–∏–∞—Ç—é—Ä –ø–æ—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª–æ –¥–ª—è –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–º —Ç–æ–ª—á–∫–æ–º –∫ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—é —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä–∞. –î–æ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–º —Å—Ç–∏–º—É–ª–æ–º —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–∏–µ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –≤ 1982 –≥–æ–¥—É –≤ —Å—ä–µ–º–∫–∞—Ö —Ç–µ–ª–µ–≤–∏–∑–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ—Ö—Å–µ—Ä–∏–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ñ–∏–ª—å–º–∞ –∫ 200-–ª–µ—Ç–∏—é —Å–æ –¥–Ω—è —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏, –≥–¥–µ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è–ª –æ—Ç—Ä—ã–≤–∫–∏ –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π –≥–µ–Ω–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–∞. “–†–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞–¥ —Ñ–∏–ª—å–º–æ–º, – –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω, ‚Äî —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞–ª–∞ —Ä–µ—à–∞—é—â—É—é —Ä–æ–ª—å –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ –º–µ–Ω—è –æ–ø—è—Ç—å –Ω–∞—Ö–ª—ã–Ω—É–ª–∏ –≤–æ—Å–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ —Å–∞–º—ã—Ö –ª—É—á—à–∏—Ö —é–Ω–æ—à–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ–¥–∞—Ö, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω–æ –∏ —É–ø–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –Ω–æ –∏ –ª–µ–≥–∫–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –∏–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ-—Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –º—É–∑—ã–∫—É. –ò, –ø–æ-–≤–∏–¥–∏–º–æ–º—É, –µ—â–µ –∫ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –ø–æ–¥—Ç–æ–ª–∫–Ω—É–ª –≥–µ–Ω–∏–π –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏ ‚Äî –∏ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã–π, –∏ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–π. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥ –∫ —Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—Å—è, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —è –≤–µ—Ä–Ω—É–ª—Å—è –∫ –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏, –∫ —Ç–µ–º –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è–º, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∏–≥—Ä–∞–ª —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ. –ú–Ω–µ –∑–∞—Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª–æ—Å—å –∏—Ö —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å ‚Äî –∏ —è —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞–ª! –ù–∞–¥–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –∫–æ–µ-—á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –ª—É—á—à–µ, —á–µ–º —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞, –∫–æ–µ-—á—Ç–æ —Ö—É–∂–µ. –ù–æ –±–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Å –æ–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª—Å—è –Ω–æ—Ä–º–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º. –°–∞–º–æ–µ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–æ–µ, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ —è –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—Ç–∏–ª—Å—è –∫ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω—ã–º —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è–º ‚Äî —Ç–æ –ª–∏ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º—É, —á—Ç–æ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏—Ö –∏–≥—Ä–∞–ª –≤ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Ç–æ –ª–∏ –ø–æ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π –ø—Ä–∏—á–∏–Ω–µ, ‚Äî —Å–∞–º–∞ –∏–≥—Ä–∞ —Ç–æ–∂–µ –∫–∞–∫-—Ç–æ –ø–æ–º–æ–ª–æ–¥–µ–ª–∞! –ö–∞–∫ –∏ –ø–æ—á–µ–º—É —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–æ—à–ª–æ? –ö–∞–∫–∏–µ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤—É—é –∏ –ª–µ–≤—É—é —Ä—É–∫–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ-–∏–Ω–æ–º—É, —á–µ–º –≤ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–µ–º –ø–µ—Ä–∏–æ–¥–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω–æ–π –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏? ‚Äî –Ø –Ω–µ –∑–Ω–∞—é. –ù–æ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏ –∑–∞–¥–æ—Ä —é–Ω–æ—à–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö –ª–µ—Ç –∑–∞–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–ª–µ–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ –≥–ª—É–±–∏–Ω–µ –º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏ —Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞ –≤—ã—à–ª–∏ –Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂—É. –≠—Ç–æ –º–Ω–µ —Å–∞–º–æ–º—É –±—ã–ª–æ —É–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –∏ –ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–Ω–æ”.

–ò—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤—É –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –≤ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø—Ä–∏—Å—É—â–µ –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏–∑—É—é—â–µ–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–æ. –í –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã –æ–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—è–ª–æ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π, –±–æ–ª–µ–µ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–∏–π –∏ –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä. –£–±–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Å–∞–º, —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —É–±–µ–¥–∏—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ—Ö, –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –ø–æ—á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ç–∞–∫, –∫–∞–∫ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤—É–µ—Ç –æ–Ω. –ò –µ–º—É —ç—Ç–æ —É–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å. –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è “–∞—Ä–≥—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å” –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –∑–≤—É–∫, –∫–∞–∂–¥—É—é —Ñ—Ä–∞–∑—É, –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—É—é –º—ã—Å–ª—å –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ, —è—Ä–∫–æ, –≤—ã–ø—É–∫–ª–æ –¥–ª—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å –ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –≤—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–µ–π –º—ã—Å–ª–∏, –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞—Ç—å –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–µ —ç–º–æ—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –≠—Ç–æ—Ç –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–µ—Ä—ã–≤–Ω—ã–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞–∫–∞–ª –æ–±—É—Å–ª–æ–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª—Å—è —Ç–µ–º, —á—Ç–æ –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–µ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç —Ü–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º –æ—Ç–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –≤–æ –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–µ–º–ø–µ—Ä–∞–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞, —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ–ø—Ü–∏–∏, —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –≤–æ–ª–∏. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –∫–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ–∫–æ—Ä—è—é—â–∞—è —Å–∏–ª–∞ –µ–≥–æ —É–±–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –≤–æ–∑–¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è –Ω–∞ –∞—É–¥–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é. “–ü—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞ –Ω–∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞ –Ω–µ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ —Ä–∞–∑–º–∞–≥–Ω–∏—á–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏–∏” ‚Äî —Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –∫—Ä–µ–¥–æ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞. –û–Ω –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∏ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–∏–π “—Ä–∞–∑–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä” –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è –∏ —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è, –º–∞–∫—Å–∏–º–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∫–æ–Ω—Ç–∞–∫—Ç —Å –Ω–∏–º, –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å –æ–±–µ—Å–ø–µ—á–µ–Ω–∞ –∏ –æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–∞—è –æ—Ç–¥–∞—á–∞, —Å—Ç–æ–ª—å –≤–∞–∂–Ω–∞—è –¥–ª—è –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞. –°–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –≤ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ —Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è –Ω–µ–ø–æ—Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —É—á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å–∞, –∞ –Ω–µ –ø–∞—Å—Å–∏–≤–Ω—ã–º —Å–æ–∑–µ—Ä—Ü–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ù–µ–¥–∞—Ä–æ–º —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á —Ç–∞–∫ —Ü–µ–Ω–∏–ª “—á—É—Ç–∫–æ—Å—Ç—å –∞—É–¥–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞—é—â—É—é —Ä–∞—Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞—Ç—å –ª—É—á—à–∏–µ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞”.

–ù–æ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ “—ç–ª–µ–∫—Ç—Ä–∏–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª” –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫—É, –ø—Ä–∏—Ç—è–≥–∏–≤–∞–ª –µ–µ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ, –Ω–æ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –¥–æ–±–∏–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–π —Ü–µ–ª–∏ ‚Äî –≤–æ–∑–±—É–∂–¥–∞–ª –µ–µ —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º—É –º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é, –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞—Ç—å –µ–µ —Ñ–∞–Ω—Ç–∞–∑–∏—é. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç—É –±—ã–ª–∞ —á—É–∂–¥–∞ –∏–≥—Ä–∞ “–Ω–∞ –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫—É”. –û–Ω —Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–µ–¥–ª–∏–≤–æ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥ ‚Äî —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –æ—Ç—á—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–µ–¥–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∏—è –∫ —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è–º. “–Ø –Ω–µ —Ç–µ—Ä–ø–ª—é –≤ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Å–µ–Ω—Ç–∏–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, ‚Äî —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–ª –æ–Ω, ‚Äî –∂–µ–ª–∞–Ω–∏—è “–ø–æ–¥—Å–∞—Ö–∞—Ä–∏—Ç—å” –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–ª–∏ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–µ —Å–ª—É—á–∞–π–Ω–æ–µ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –≠—Ç–æ ‚Äî –Ω–µ—á–∏—Å—Ç–æ–µ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –∏–≥—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–∞—Ö –Ω–µ –æ—á–µ–Ω—å –∫–æ–º–ø–µ—Ç–µ–Ω—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π”. –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –æ—Ç–º–µ—á–∞–ª –∑–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —É–≥–ª—É–±–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä–∞ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π –∑–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–µ –≥–æ–¥—ã. –î–ª—è –Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∏ –∏–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å —Å—Ç–∞–ª–æ –∏ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–Ω–µ–µ, –∏ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–µ–µ. –°–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å, –ø–æ –º–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—é –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞, ‚Äî –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ü–µ–ª—å —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –Ω–æ –∏ “—Å–∞–º—ã–π —Ç–æ–Ω–∫–∏–π, —Å–∞–º—ã–π —Ç–æ—á–Ω—ã–π –±–∞—Ä–æ–º–µ—Ç—Ä —Ç–æ–≥–æ, –≤ –∫–∞–∫–æ–π —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–µ, –≤ –∫–∞–∫–æ–º —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—Å—è –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç –≤ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –º–æ–º–µ–Ω—Ç –Ω–∞ —Å—Ü–µ–Ω–µ. –í–µ–¥—å –ª—É—á—à–µ, —á–µ–º —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å, –Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ –Ω–µ —Å–º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Å–∫–æ—Ä—Ä–µ–∫—Ç–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è –≤ –µ–≥–æ –¥–µ—è—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏”. –°–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á –æ—Ç–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª —Å–µ–±–µ –ø–æ–ª–Ω—ã–π –æ—Ç—á–µ—Ç –æ —Ç–æ–π “–æ–±—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–π —Å–≤—è–∑–∏” –æ—Ç —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –∫ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç—É, –±–µ–∑ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π –Ω–µ–º—ã—Å–ª–∏–º –ø–æ–¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–π –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –∏ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è –¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –º–∞–∫—Å–∏–º–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ–µ –¥–ª—è –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –∞–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏—è. –û–Ω –Ω–∞–ø—Ä—è–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ª–æ–≤–∏–ª –æ—Ç–∫–ª–∏–∫ –∞—É–¥–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏, —Ä–æ–∂–¥–∞—é—â–∏–π—Å—è —Ä–µ–∑–æ–Ω–∞–Ω—Å –º—ã—Å–ª–µ–π –∏ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤.

–í –ø—Ä–æ–±—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–∏ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Ä–µ–∑–æ–Ω–∞–Ω—Å–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–ª—è–ª–æ—Å—å –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω–æ–µ –≤ –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–µ ‚Äî —Ç–æ –º–∞–≥–Ω–µ—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ –≤–ª–∏—è–Ω–∏–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –æ—â—É—â–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤ –∑–∞–ª–µ –Ω–∞ –µ–≥–æ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–∞—Ö. “–ú–Ω–µ —Ö–æ—á–µ—Ç—Å—è, ‚Äî –ø–æ–¥—á–µ—Ä–∫–∏–≤–∞–ª –æ–Ω, ‚Äî —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç–∞–ª –º–∞–∫—Å–∏–º–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –¥—É—à–µ–≤–Ω—ã–π –ø–æ–¥—ä–µ–º –∏ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–µ —ç—Å—Ç–µ—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–µ —É–¥–æ–≤–æ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –∏—Å–ø—ã—Ç—ã–≤–∞—é —è, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω—è—è –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–µ”. –í —á–µ–º –±—ã–ª —Å–µ–∫—Ä–µ—Ç –æ–±–∞—è–Ω–∏—è –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞? –û–Ω –¥–µ–ª–∞–ª –±–ª–∏–∑–∫–∏–º–∏ –Ω–∞–º –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã—Ö –∏—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Ü–µ–≤ ‚Äî –í–∏–≤–∞–ª—å–¥–∏, –õ–æ–∫–∞—Ç–µ–ª–ª–∏, –¢–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–Ω–∏, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö –ø–æ–¥—á–µ—Ä–∫–∏–≤–∞–ª –º—É–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∏ —Å–≤–µ—Ç–ª–æ–µ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏—è—Ç–∏–µ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏, –≤—Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–ª –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–æ—Å—Ç—å –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤ –ë–∞—Ö–∞, –ú–æ—Ü–∞—Ä—Ç–∞, –ë–µ—Ç—Ö–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∞, –∏—Ö –ø–æ–¥–ª–∏–Ω–Ω—É—é —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –º—É–¥—Ä—É—é –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ç—É, –ø–æ—ç—Ç–∏—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏ —Å–∏–ª—É –≤–æ–ª–∏. –í —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∞—Å—ã—â–µ–Ω–æ –¥–∏–Ω–∞–º–∏–∫–æ–π, —Ç–æ–Ω–∫–∏–º –ø—Å–∏—Ö–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–∑–º–æ–º. –ò –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä—ã —Å—É–¥—å–±—É —Å–≤–æ–∏—Ö –Ω–æ–≤—ã—Ö —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –±–µ–∑–±–æ—è–∑–Ω–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤—Ä—É—á–∞–ª–∏ –≤ —Ä—É–∫–∏ –õ–µ–æ–Ω–∏–¥–∞ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞, –∑–Ω–∞—è, —á—Ç–æ –ø–æ–¥ –µ–≥–æ —Å–º—ã—á–∫–æ–º –æ–Ω–∏ –∑–∞—Å–≤–µ—Ä–∫–∞—é—Ç –≤—Å–µ–º–∏ –∫—Ä–∞—Å–∫–∞–º–∏, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞—Ç –≤–¥–æ—Ö–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–æ—á—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ. –°–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á –ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª –≤—Å—é –æ—Ç–≤–µ—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –∏ —Å–ª—É—à–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–º, –≤–∏–¥–µ–ª –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—É—é –∑–∞–¥–∞—á—É –≤ –º–∞–∫—Å–∏–º–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–º –≤—Ö–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –≤ –º–∏—Ä –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –µ–≥–æ –∑–∞–º—ã—Å–µ–ª. –û–Ω —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã–º –ø—É—Ç—å, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ “–∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏ –Ω–µ —Å–µ–±—è –ø—Ä–∏–±–ª–∏–∂–∞—é—Ç –∫ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä—É, –Ω–æ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –∫ —Å–µ–±–µ. –ù–µ–≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ, –æ–¥–Ω–∞–∫–æ, –∏ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é —Å–ª–∏—Ç—å—Å—è —Å –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –≤ —Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–æ–≤–∫–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è. –í–µ–¥—å –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–µ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–µ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è, –Ω–æ –æ–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–µ—Ç –µ–≥–æ —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ —Å–≤–æ–π —Ö–∞—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–µ—Ä, —Å–≤–æ—é –∏–Ω–¥–∏–≤–∏–¥—É–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, –æ–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–∞–µ—Ç –≤—Ä–µ–º—è, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –∂–∏–≤–µ—Ç”.

–ò–≥—Ä—É –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –æ—Ç–ª–∏—á–∞–ª–∏ —Ç–æ–Ω–∫–∏–π —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤–∫—É—Å, –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–∞—è —á—É—Ç–∫–æ—Å—Ç—å ‚Äî —Å–≤–∏–¥–µ—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–π –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä—ã, –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å –∫ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–º—É, –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏—é –Ω–µ–∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–≥–æ. –≠—Ç–∏ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª–∏ –∫ –Ω–µ–º—É –∏ –ª—é–¥–µ–π –ª—é–±—è—â–∏—Ö –∏ —Ü–µ–Ω—è—â–∏—Ö –º—É–∑—ã–∫—É, –∏ —Ç–µ—Ö, –∫—Ç–æ –µ—â–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–∏—Ç—Å—è –∫ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏—é –º–∏—Ä–∞, –∏—â–µ—Ç –≤ –Ω–µ–º —Å–µ–±—è. –ò—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞, –ø–æ–∫–æ—Ä—è—è –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–Ω–∞—á–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ —ç—Ç–æ–π –Ω–æ–≤–∏–∑–Ω–æ–π, –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞–ª–æ –ø—Ä–æ–Ω–∏–∫–Ω—É—Ç—å —Å –ø–æ–º–æ—â—å—é –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏ –≤ –±–µ—Å–∫–æ–Ω–µ—á–Ω–æ –Ω–∞—Å—ã—â–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –º—ã—Å–ª—å—é –∏ —á—É–≤—Å—Ç–≤–æ–º –º–∏—Ä —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞, –µ–≥–æ –∫—É–ª—å—Ç—É—Ä—É. –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –¥–æ—Å—Ç–∏–≥ –≤—ã—Å–æ–∫–æ–π —Å—Ç—É–ø–µ–Ω–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –Ω–æ –µ–≥–æ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–∞—è —á—É—Ç–∫–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫ –∏–∑–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è–º –≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–∏, —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–π –∏–º–ø—É–ª—å—Å –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–∏ –Ω–µ –æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è, –∞ –∏—Å–∫–∞—Ç—å –Ω–æ–≤–æ–µ –∏ –≤ —Å–æ–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–Ω–∏–∏, –∏ –≤ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö. –û–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–π —Ä–µ–ø–µ—Ä—Ç—É–∞—Ä —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–∞, –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–º —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–≤ —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —ç–ø–æ—Ö —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ —Ç—Ä—É–¥–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å–µ, –∑–∞—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è–ª–æ –æ–±–æ–≥–∞—â–∞—Ç—å —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Ñ–æ–Ω–¥ –ø—Ä–∏–µ–º–æ–≤, –æ—Ä–≥–∞–Ω–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–ª—è —Ç–æ–≥–æ –∏–ª–∏ –∏–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å—Ç–∏–ª—è. –≠—Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª–æ —Å—Ç–∏–º—É–ª–æ–º —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏–∫–∏, –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–π —à–ª–∏—Ñ–æ–≤–∫–∏ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ-—Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤, —Å–æ—á–µ—Ç–∞–Ω–∏—è –∏—Ö —Å —Ç–µ–º–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω—è–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ —Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–æ–≤–∫–µ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏–∫–∏. “–ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∏–≥—Ä–∞–µ—à—å –±–æ–ª—å—à–∏–µ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç—ã, ‚Äî –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω, ‚Äî –≤—ã—Ä–∞–±–∞—Ç—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –≤–Ω—É—Ç—Ä–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–π —Å—Ç–∏–ª—å, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–π –Ω–µ –¥–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞–µ—Ç –≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–µ–π –∏ –æ—Ç—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ—Ç –∑–∞–º—ã—Å–ª–∞ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –≤ —Ö–æ—Ä–æ—à–µ–º —Å–º—ã—Å–ª–µ –¥–∞–∂–µ –æ—Ç —Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∏—Ü–∏–π –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ú–æ–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ–ø—É—Å–∫–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —á–µ—Ä–µ–∑ –º–Ω–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö “—Ñ–∏–ª—å—Ç—Ä–æ–≤”. –°—Ç–∞—Ä–∞—é—Å—å –º–∞–∫—Å–∏–º–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ —É–ª—É—á—à–∏—Ç—å –∏ –æ—Ç–ø–æ–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞—Ç—å —Ç–µ —á–∞—Å—Ç–∏, —Ñ—Ä–∞–∑—ã, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å –ª—É—á—à–µ, —á–µ–º —ç—Ç–æ –±—ã–ª–æ —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞–Ω–æ —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ.

–ù–æ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥ —É—Å–ª–æ–∂–Ω—è–µ—Ç –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ-—Ä–æ–º–∞–Ω—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏. –ù–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–µ—à—å –Ω–µ–≤–æ–ª—å–Ω–æ –∏–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å –µ–µ –±–æ–ª–µ–µ “–∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–Ω–æ”, —á–µ–≥–æ –æ–Ω–∞ –Ω–µ —Ç–µ—Ä–ø–∏—Ç, –Ω–∞—á–∏–Ω–∞–µ—à—å –¥—É–º–∞—Ç—å –Ω–∞–¥ —Ñ—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∫–æ–π, –∞ –æ–Ω–∞ —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –Ω–µ —Ç–µ—Ä–ø–∏—Ç. –ó–¥–µ—Å—å –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ–µ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ —Å–∞–º–æ–≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å –µ—Å—Ç–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Ä–∞–∑–≤–æ—Ä–æ—Ç–æ–º –º—ã—Å–ª–∏. –ò–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Å–µ–±—è —É–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞—é ‚Äî –Ω–∏—á–µ–≥–æ —Å–ø–µ—Ü–∏–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ –Ω–µ –¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å, —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—Ç—å —Ç—É —Å–≤–µ–∂–µ—Å—Ç—å, —Ç—É –∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, —Ç—É –Ω–∞—Ç—É—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –µ—Å—Ç—å –≤ —ç—Ç–æ–π –º—É–∑—ã–∫–µ —Å–∞–º–∏ –ø–æ —Å–µ–±–µ. –ù–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–∞ –∏–Ω–æ–π –ª–∞–¥ –Ω–µ–ª–µ–≥–∫–æ”. –ù–∞–∫–æ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –Ω–µ–∏–∑–±–µ–∂–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–æ–¥–∏–ª–æ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–∞ –∫ –∫–∞—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Å–¥–≤–∏–≥–∞–º –≤ –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è—Ö, –ø–æ–¥—Å–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ–º—ã—Ö –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º –æ–ø—ã—Ç–æ–º –∏ –∏–Ω—Ç—É–∏—Ü–∏–µ–π. –ü–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–π –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ–∫–∞–ª –Ω–æ–≤–∏–∑–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥–∞, —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è, –±—ã–ª –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ –ø—Å–∏—Ö–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –æ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞–Ω. –£ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –Ω–µ –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–æ –±—ã—Ç—å –¥–≤—É—Ö –æ–¥–∏–Ω–∞–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç–æ–≤. –ò –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω —É—Ç–≤–µ—Ä–∂–¥–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ “–∑–∞ —Å–≤–æ—é —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫—É—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å, —Å–∫–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –±—ã —è –Ω–∏ –∏–≥—Ä–∞–ª –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–µ, –Ω–∏–∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–µ—Ç –ø–æ–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏. –ò —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω–æ–µ, –∏ –ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–∞ –Ω–µ–æ–¥–∏–Ω–∞–∫–æ–≤–∞—è. –°–∞–º–∞ –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –æ–¥–∏–Ω–∞–∫–æ–≤–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –¥–≤—É—Ö –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç –¥–ª—è –º–µ–Ω—è –æ—Ç—Å—É—Ç—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞”. –í—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–µ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –∫–∞–∫ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è –∏–º–ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏—è. –ö–∞–∑–∞–ª–æ—Å—å, —á—Ç–æ –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç, –º—É–∑–∏—Ü–∏—Ä—É—è, –∑–¥–µ—Å—å, –ø—Ä–∏ –Ω–∞—Å, —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–µ—Ç —Å–≤–æ–µ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –ù–æ –µ–º—É –±–æ–ª–µ–µ, —á–µ–º –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º, –±—ã–ª–æ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ, —á—Ç–æ –∏–º–ø—Ä–æ–≤–∏–∑–∞—Ü–∏—è –ø–ª–æ–¥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–Ω–∞ –ª–∏—à—å –Ω–∞ –ø–æ–¥–≥–æ—Ç–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –ø–æ—á–≤–µ –º–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ –æ–ø—ã—Ç–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ–¥—É–º–∞–Ω—ã —Å–æ—Ç–Ω–∏ –ø—É—Ç–µ–π, –æ—Ç–æ–±—Ä–∞–Ω–æ –µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –≤–µ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ. –õ–∏—à—å —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç—É–ø–∞–µ—Ç —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏ –º—ã—Å–ª–∏, –∏ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—ã ‚Äî —Ç–æ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–æ–µ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤–¥–æ—Ö–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω—É–µ—Ç —Ä–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞—Å—Ç–æ—è—â–µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞.

–≠—Ç–∞ —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –ø—Ä–æ—è–≤–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –µ–¥–∏–Ω–∏—á–Ω–æ–º –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–∏, –Ω–æ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ —Ä–∞—Å–∫—Ä—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ —Ü–µ–ª–æ—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º–µ, –≥–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–æ, –≥–¥–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—ã–¥—É—â–µ–µ —Å–æ–æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å–∏—Ç—Å—è, –ø–æ–¥–¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∏ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–º. –°—Ç–∏–ª—å –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –±—ã–ª —É–¥–∏–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ –º–æ–Ω–æ–ª–∏—Ç–µ–Ω ‚Äî –∏–≥—Ä–∞–ª –ª–∏ –æ–Ω —Ü–∏–∫–ª—ã —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∏—á–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–æ–Ω–∞—Ç, –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–µ –∏ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç—ã –∏–ª–∏ –≤—ã—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–∏–≤–∞–ª –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—É –∏–∑ —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º–µ –∏ –∂–∞–Ω—Ä—É –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π. –ü—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ —ç—Ç–æ –∫–∞—Å–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –∫–æ–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–≤. –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω—É —É–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω—è—Ç—å –æ—Ç–¥–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –ø—Ä–∏–µ–º—ã, –∏–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ-—Å–º—ã—Å–ª–æ–≤—ã–µ —ç–ª–µ–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –≤ —Ç–∞–∫–æ–µ –µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º —É—Å–∏–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –∫–æ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞—Å—Ç —Ñ–∞–∫—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã—Ö, —Ç–µ—Ö–Ω–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ —Å–ª–æ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–π –∏ –∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∏–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –ø–µ–≤—É—á–∏—Ö –º–µ—Å—Ç, —É–≤–µ–ª–∏—á–∏–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –º–∞—Å—à—Ç–∞–± –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è, —É—Å–∏–ª–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –º–æ–Ω—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∑–≤—É–∫–æ–≤—ã—Ö –ø–ª–∞–Ω–æ–≤. –ü–æ–¥–æ–±–Ω—ã–π –∫–æ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞—Å—Ç “–∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏” –∏ “–≤–æ–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏” –≤—Å–µ —á–∞—â–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—è–ª—Å—è —É –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–æ–≥—Ä–∞–º–º—ã –≤ —Ü–µ–ª–æ–º. –ò–º –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–µ–∂–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ª–æ–≥–∏–∫–∞ –∏—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∏—Ç–∏—è –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–≥–æ —è–∑—ã–∫–∞ –ø—Ä–∏ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–µ–¥–µ–Ω–∏–π —Ä–∞–∑–Ω—ã—Ö —ç–ø–æ—Ö. –ú–∞—Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –≤–∫–ª—é—á–∞–ª–æ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ –≤–µ—Å—å –∞—Ä—Å–µ–Ω–∞–ª –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∑–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö —Å—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤. –ö–∞–∂–¥—ã–π —Ä–∞–∑ –æ–Ω –∏—Å–∫–∞–ª –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω—ã–π —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–± –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏—è, –µ–¥–∏–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ, —Å –µ–≥–æ —Ç–æ—á–∫–∏ –∑—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è, –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω—ã–π –≤ –¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–º —Å–ª—É—á–∞–µ, —á—Ç–æ –∏ –ø–æ–∑–≤–æ–ª—è–ª–æ –µ–º—É —Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –∏ —Ä–µ—à–∞—Ç—å –Ω–æ–≤–∞—Ç–æ—Ä—Å–∫–∏–µ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞–¥–∞—á–∏. –¢–∞–∫, –∫ –ø—Ä–∏–≤—ã—á–Ω–æ–º—É “—Ä–∞—Å—Ç—è–≥–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏—é”, –º–∞—Å—à—Ç–∞–±–Ω–æ–º—É —É–∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—é —Ñ—Ä–∞–∑—ã –≤ –∫—É–ª—å–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ü–∏–∏, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ –∫–æ–º–ø–µ–Ω—Å–∏—Ä—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–º —É—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º, –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –¥–æ–±–∞–≤–∏–ª –∏ –Ω–æ–≤—ã–π —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–±: —É—Å–∫–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–∞ —Ñ—Ä–∞–∑—ã, –∫–∞–∫ –±—ã —Å–∂–∞—Ç–∏–µ –∑–≤—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Ç–æ–∫–∞ –≤ —Ç—É–≥—É—é –ø—Ä—É–∂–∏–Ω—É –¥–ª—è –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º —Ç–µ–º–±—Ä–æ–≤–æ-–∏–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞—Å–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏—è –∑–≤—É—á–∞—â–µ–π –º–∞—Ç–µ—Ä–∏–∏ –≤ “–≤—ã—Å–≤–æ–±–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º” –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–µ –±–µ–∑ –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–≥–æ –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω—è–µ–º–æ–≥–æ –∑–∞–º–µ–¥–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è.

–ß–∞—Å—Ç–æ –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª—Å—è –æ–Ω –∏ —Ä–µ–¥–∫–∏–º –≤ –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫–µ —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á–µ–π –ø—Ä–∏–µ–º–æ–º —Ñ–∏–ª–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –∑–≤—É–∫–∞ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Å–º—ã—á–∫–∞ –Ω–µ –Ω–∞ –≥—Ä–∏—Ñ, –∞ –∫ –ø–æ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∫–µ, —á—Ç–æ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç “–∏—Å—Ç–∞–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è” –∑–≤—É–∫–∞. –ú—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç –±—ã–ª –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–µ–æ–±—ã—á–∞–π–Ω–æ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥ –∏ –≤–∑—ã—Å–∫–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–Ω –∫ —Å–µ–±–µ, —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤—É. –ò–∑ –≤—Å–µ—Ö –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω—ã—Ö –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Ä–µ—à–µ–Ω–∏–π –æ–Ω –≤—ã–±–∏—Ä–∞–ª –Ω–µ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ —ç—Ñ—Ñ–µ–∫—Ç–Ω–æ–µ, –Ω–µ —Å—Ç–∞–≤—à–µ–µ —É–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏–≤—ã—á–Ω—ã–º –∏ –Ω–µ –æ—à–µ–ª–æ–º–ª—è—é—â–µ –Ω–µ–æ–∂–∏–¥–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ, –Ω–æ —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–ª–æ–¥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–Ω–æ–µ, –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ–µ –≤ –≤—ã—Å—à–µ–º —Ö—É–¥–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–º —Å–º—ã—Å–ª–µ. “–ú–∞–≥–∏—è –ø—Ä–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ç—ã” –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ ‚Äî —ç—Ç–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–¥–∞ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏, –æ—Å–≤–æ–±–æ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –µ–µ –æ—Ç –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω–Ω–µ–≥–æ, –º–µ—à–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –º—ã—Å–ª–∏, –æ—á–∏—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –æ—Ç –∑–∞–∏–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, —Å—Ç–µ—Ä—Ç–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏–Ω—Ç–æ–Ω–∞—Ü–∏–∏. –ò–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –ø–æ—ç—Ç–æ–º—É –æ–Ω —É–º–µ–ª –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –¥–ª—è –≤—Å–µ–≥–æ, —á—Ç–æ –≤–æ—Å–ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞—é—Ç, —á–µ–º –∂–∏–≤—É—Ç —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫–∏. –õ–µ–æ–Ω–∏–¥ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω –±—ã–ª —É–±–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω –≤ –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω–æ–π —Ä–æ–ª–∏ –∏—Å–∫—É—Å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –≤ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –ª—é–¥–µ–π, –≤ –µ–≥–æ –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω—è—é—â–µ–π —Å–∏–ª–µ. –û–Ω –ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞–ª, —á—Ç–æ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞ –º–Ω–æ–≥–æ–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç —Å–¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å –¥–ª—è —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ–Ω–∏—è –º–∏—Ä–∞ –Ω–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ. –ê–∫—Ç–∏–≤–Ω–æ–µ –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –∫ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–º—É —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å—Ç–≤—É, –æ—Å–æ–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ –µ–≥–æ “—Ç–∞–π–Ω” –Ω–µ–∏–∑–±–µ–∂–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–ª–æ –µ–≥–æ –∫ –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ–π –æ–ø—ã—Ç, —Ç–æ–Ω–∫–æ–µ –ø–æ–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∏, –≤–∏—Ä—Ç—É–æ–∑–Ω–æ–µ –æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∏–Ω—Å—Ç—Ä—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–º –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏–º. “–ó–∞–Ω–∏–º–∞—è—Å—å —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–∏–º–∏ —Å—Ç—É–¥–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏ –≤ –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–µ, —è —Å–∞–º –Ω–µ–ø—Ä–µ—Ä—ã–≤–Ω–æ —É—á—É—Å—å, ‚Äî –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∞—á. ‚Äî –ß—Ç–æ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –±—ã—Ç—å —Ü–µ–Ω–Ω–µ–µ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–æ—è–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Ç–≤–æ—Ä—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å –º–æ–ª–æ–¥—ã–º–∏ —Ç–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–ª–∏–≤—ã–º–∏ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç–∞–º–∏. –≠—Ç–æ –±–æ–ª—å—à–æ–π —Å—Ç–∏–º—É–ª –∏ –¥–ª—è —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–µ–Ω—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è”. –ú–µ—Ç–æ–¥ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã —Å –∫–∞–∂–¥—ã–º —É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –±—ã–ª –£ –ö–æ–≥–∞–Ω–∞ –∏–Ω–¥–∏–≤–∏–¥—É–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã–º. “–¢–∞–ª–∞–Ω—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ–º—É —É—á–µ–Ω–∏–∫—É –Ω—É–∂–Ω–æ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –Ω–µ –º–µ—à–∞—Ç—å, –∞ –≤—Å–µ–º–µ—Ä–Ω–æ –ø–æ–º–æ–≥–∞—Ç—å –≤—ã—è–≤–∏—Ç—å —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ “—è”.

Но бывают и другие студенты, которые на первых порах сами немногое могут сделать, которым педагог должен объяснить все моменты. И Коган упорно и терпеливо добивался от каждого той высокой степени мастерства, которая характеризует его школу. Из класса Леонида Борисовича в Московской консерватории вышли такие яркие музыканты, как В. Жук, Н. Яшвили, С. Кравченко, А. Корсаков, И. Грубера Э. Татевосян, И. Медведева и многие другие. Занимались в классе Когана и талантливые иностранные скрипачи — Е. Сато, М. Фудзикава, И. Флори, А. Шестакова. Палитра искусства Леонида Борисовича Когана была поистине неисчерпаема: от нежнейшей лирики, экстатического упоения, поэтического размышления до философской глубины, мужественной героики. И всегда при этом — предельная динамичность, художественная воля, как бы спрессовывающая музыкальное время в сгусток необыкновенной выразительной силы. Мощное звучание его скрипки вызывало ассоциации с удалью древних богатырей, народным праздником, эпическим размахом. В его искусстве нашла воплощение и впитанная с детства широта лирической задушевности песен, и блеск, зажигательность танцевальной стихии, и сложные ритмы мира 20 века. Любое произведение в исполнении этого замечательного артиста получало новую жизнь, сверкало неожиданными гранями, покоряло смелым творческим решением. Народный артист СССР, лауреат Ленинской премии, профессор Московской консерватории Леонид Борисович Коган вошел в историю советской музыкальной культуры как один из выдающихся скрипачей мира.

–ñ–∏–∑–Ω—å –∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Å—Ç–∞ –≤–Ω–µ–∑–∞–ø–Ω–æ –æ–±–æ—Ä–≤–∞–ª–∞—Å—å 17 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1982 –≥–æ–¥–∞, –∫–æ–≥–¥–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π –¥–µ–Ω—å –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏—è –∏–∑ –í–µ–Ω—ã, –≥–¥–µ —Å –æ–≥—Ä–æ–º–Ω—ã–º —É—Å–ø–µ—Ö–æ–º –≤ –µ–≥–æ –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –ø—Ä–æ–∑–≤—É—á–∞–ª –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç –ë–µ—Ç—Ö–æ–≤–µ–Ω–∞, –æ–Ω –µ—Ö–∞–ª –≤ –Ø—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∞–≤–ª—å –∏–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç –ë–∞—Ö–∞ –∏ –®–æ—Å—Ç–∞–∫–æ–≤–∏—á–∞, –ü–æ—ç–º—É –®–æ—Å—Å–æ–Ω–∞, –•–∞–≤–µ–Ω–µ–∑ –°–µ–Ω-–°–∞–Ω—Å–∞ –∏ –§–∞–Ω—Ç–∞–∑–∏—é –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ–º—ã “–°–µ–≤–∏–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ü–∏—Ä—é–ª—å–Ω–∏–∫–∞” –ö–∞—Å—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω—É–æ–≤–æ-–¢–µ–¥–µ—Å–∫–æ. –û–Ω –±—ã–ª –ø–æ–ª–æ–Ω –ø–ª–∞–Ω–æ–≤ ‚Äî —Ö–æ—Ç–µ–ª –≤–æ–∑–æ–±–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ –Ω–∞ —ç—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–µ —Å–æ—á–∏–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–π –ü–∞–≥–∞–Ω–∏–Ω–∏, —Å—ã–≥—Ä–∞—Ç—å –≤—Å–µ —Å–æ–Ω–∞—Ç—ã –∏ –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏—Ç—ã –ë–∞—Ö–∞ –¥–ª—è —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∫–∏ —Å–æ–ª–æ, –∫–æ–Ω—Ü–µ—Ä—Ç –¥–ª—è —Å–∫—Ä–∏–ø–∫–∏ –ø–æ–ª—å—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ –ö. –ü–µ–Ω–¥–µ—Ä–µ—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ… –≠—Ç–∏–º –ø–ª–∞–Ω–∞–º –Ω–µ —Å—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –æ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∏—Ç—å—Å—è.