–ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω—ã –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏

–û–ø—É–±–ª–∏–∫–æ–≤–∞–Ω–æ 23 –Ø–Ω–≤–∞—Ä—å 2013 –æ—Ç –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å

–í –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 20 –≤–µ–∫–∞, —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–∞—è –∞—Ä—Ö–µ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∞—è —ç–∫—Å–ø–µ–¥–∏—Ü–∏—è, –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–≤–æ–¥—è —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–ø–∫–∏ –≤¬† –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–µ –°—É–∑—ã (–∫ –≤–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫—É –æ—Ç –í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω–∞ (–í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω – –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –≤ –ú–µ–∂–¥—É—Ä–µ—á—å–µ (—Å–µ–≥–æ–¥–Ω—è –ò—Ä–∞–∫, 110 –∫–º –∫ —é–≥—É –æ—Ç –ë–∞–≥–¥–∞–¥–∞), –æ–¥–∏–Ω –∏–∑ –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–µ–π—à–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –î—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–≥–æ –º–∏—Ä–∞. –í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω –±—ã–ª —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ–π –í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω–∏–∏ – —Ü–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –ø—Ä–æ—Å—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–≤—à–µ–≥–æ –ø–æ–ª—Ç–æ—Ä–∞ —Ç—ã—Å—è—á–µ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è, –∞ –∑–∞—Ç–µ–º –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∞–≤—ã –ê–ª–µ–∫—Å–∞–Ω–¥—Ä–∞ –ú–∞–∫–µ–¥–æ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ. –°–ª–æ–≤–æ “–í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω” –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç “–í—Ä–∞—Ç–∞ –ë–æ–≥–∞”)), –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–ª–∞ –±–∞–∑–∞–ª—å—Ç–æ–≤—ã–π —Å—Ç–æ–ª–±, —Å–æ –≤—Å–µ—Ö —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω –ø–æ–∫—Ä—ã—Ç—ã–π –∫–ª–∏–Ω–æ–ø–∏—Å—å—é (–ö–ª–∏–Ω–æ–ø–∏—Å—å – —Å–ø–æ—Å–æ–± –ø–∏—Å—å–º–∞ –ø—É—Ç—ë–º –≤—ã–¥–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –≥–ª–∏–Ω–µ –∫–æ–º–±–∏–Ω–∞—Ü–∏–π –∫–ª–∏–Ω–æ–≤–∏–¥–Ω—ã—Ö —á—ë—Ä—Ç–æ—á–µ–∫. –≠—Ç–æ –Ω–∞–∏–±–æ–ª–µ–µ —Ä–∞–Ω–Ω—è—è –∏–∑ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º –ø–∏—Å—å–º–∞. –°–∞–º—ã–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä—ã–µ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç—ã, –Ω–∞–π–¥–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–ø–∫–∞—Ö –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∞ –£—Ä—É–∫, –æ—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—è—Ç—Å—è –∫ 3300 –≥. –¥–æ –Ω. —ç.). –≠—Ç–∞ —É–Ω–∏–∫–∞–ª—å–Ω–∞—è –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ—Ç–∫—Ä—ã—Ç–∏–µ–º –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ —Å–≤–æ–¥–∞ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏. –û–Ω –±—ã–ª —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω –ø–æ –ø—Ä–∏–∫–∞–∑—É –≤–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ü–∞—Ä—è –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ (–•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ (–¥–æ—Å–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ –æ–∑–Ω–∞—á–∞–µ—Ç “–°—Ç–∞—Ä—à–∏–π —Ä–æ–¥–∏—á, —Ü–µ–ª–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å”) – —Ü–∞—Ä—å –í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω–∞ (–æ–∫. 1793 – 1750 –≥–≥. –¥–æ –Ω.—ç.), –∏–∑ I –í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–π (–∞–º–æ—Ä–µ–π—Å–∫–æ–π) –¥–∏–Ω–∞—Å—Ç–∏–∏. –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ –±—ã–ª –∏—Å–∫—É—Å–Ω—ã–º –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏–∫–æ–º –∏ –ø–æ–ª–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥—Ü–µ–º, —Å –µ–≥–æ –∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–º —Å–≤—è–∑–∞–Ω–æ –≤–æ–∑–≤—ã—à–µ–Ω–∏–µ –í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω–∞.) –≤ 35-–π –≥–æ–¥ –µ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è (–æ–∫. 1759 –≥. –¥–æ –Ω.—ç.) –∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–π –≤–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –Ω–∞ –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ–µ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è.
–ù–∞ —Å–∞–º–æ–º –≤–µ—Ä—Ö—É —Å—Ç–æ–ª–±–∞ –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–∞–∂—ë–Ω —Ü–∞—Ä—å –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏. –û–Ω —Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ —Ç—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–º, –Ω–∞ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –≤–æ—Å—Å–µ–¥–∞–µ—Ç –±–æ–≥ —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞ –®–∞–º–∞—à (–®–∞–º–∞—à – –±–æ–≥ —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–∞ —É –≤–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω—è–Ω –∏ –∞—Å—Å–∏—Ä–∏—è–Ω. –ï–≥–æ –ø–æ—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏, –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º –∫–∞–∫ –±–æ–≥–∞, —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—ã –∏ –Ω–∞–±–ª—é–¥–∞—é—â–µ–≥–æ –∑–∞ –∏—Ö –∏—Å–ø–æ–ª–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º). –í —Ä—É–∫–∞—Ö –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ –¥–µ—Ä–∂–∏—Ç –∂–µ–∑–ª – —Å–∏–º–≤–æ–ª —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω–æ–π –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏, –≤—Ä—É—á—ë–Ω–Ω—ã–π —Ü–∞—Ä—é —Å–∞–º–∏–º –±–æ–≥–æ–º. –°—Ç—Ä–µ–º–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—Å—Ç–∞–≤–∏—Ç—å –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω—ã –∏—Å—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏–º–∏ –æ—Ç –±–æ–≥–∞ –±—ã–ª–æ –≤ –æ–±—ã—á–∞–µ —É –≤—Å–µ—Ö –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏—Ö –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª–µ–π. –¢–∞–∫–∏–º –æ–±—Ä–∞–∑–æ–º –ø—ã—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø—Ä–∏–¥–∞—Ç—å –∏–º –±–æ–ª—å—à—É—é —Å–∏–ª—É. –í—ã—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞ –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–ª–æ—â–∞–¥–∏ “—Å—Ç–æ–ª–± –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤” –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª —Å–ª—É–∂–∏—Ç—å –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å—É–¥–∏—é, —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∞–≤—à–µ–º—É—Å—è –∑–¥–µ—Å—å –∂–µ, –∏ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ –Ω–∞–ø–æ–º–∏–Ω–∞—Ç—å: –Ω–∏–∫—Ç–æ –Ω–µ –º–æ–∂–µ—Ç –æ—Ç–≥–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏–≤–∞—Ç—å—Å—è –Ω–µ–∑–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ–º –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞. –ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ —Å–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∏—Ç –∏–∑ –ø—Ä–æ–ª–æ–≥–∞, 282 —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–π –∏ —ç–ø–∏–ª–æ–≥–∞. –ü–æ–ª–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é —Å–æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–æ—Å—å 247 —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–π. ¬´–Ø – —Å–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–π, –ø–æ–∫–æ—Ä–Ω—ã–π –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–∏–º –±–æ–≥–∞–º, –ø–æ—Ç–æ–º–æ–∫ –°—É–º—É–ª–∞-–≠–ª—è, —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã–π –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏–∫ –°–∏–Ω–º—É–±–∞–ª–ª–∏—Ç–∞, –≤–µ—á–Ω—ã–π —Ü–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –æ—Ç–ø—Ä—ã—Å–∫, —Å–∏–ª—å–Ω—ã–π —Ü–∞—Ä—å, —Å–æ–ª–Ω—Ü–µ –í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω–∞, –æ–∑–∞—Ä–∏–≤—à–∏–π —Å–≤–µ—Ç–æ–º —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—É –®—É–º–µ—Ä–∞ –∏ –ê–∫–∫–∞–¥–∞, —Ü–∞—Ä—å, –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ–¥—à–∏–π –∫ –ø–æ—Å–ª—É—à–∞–Ω–∏—é —á–µ—Ç—ã—Ä–µ —Å—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–Ω—ã —Å–≤–µ—Ç–∞, –ª—é–±–∏–º–µ—Ü –ò—à—Ç–∞—Ä (–ò—à—Ç–∞—Ä – –≤ –∞–∫–∫–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –º–∏—Ñ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–∏ —Ü–µ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–ª—å–Ω–æ–µ –∂–µ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –±–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ, –±–æ–≥–∏–Ω—è –ø–ª–æ–¥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–∏—è –∏ –ø–ª–æ—Ç—Å–∫–æ–π –ª—é–±–≤–∏, –≤–æ–π–Ω—ã –∏ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–∏, –æ–ª–∏—Ü–µ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø–ª–∞–Ω–µ—Ç—ã –í–µ–Ω–µ—Ä–∞).

–ö–æ–≥–¥–∞ –ú–∞—Ä–¥—É–∫ (–ú–∞—Ä–¥—É–∫ – –≤ —à—É–º–µ—Ä–æ-–∞–∫–∫–∞–¥—Å–∫–æ–π –º–∏—Ñ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏–∏ –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ –±–æ–∂–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–∞–Ω—Ç–µ–æ–Ω–∞, –≤–µ—Ä—Ö–æ–≤–Ω—ã–π –±–æ–≥ –ú–µ–∂–¥—É—Ä–µ—á—å—è, –≥–ª–∞–≤–Ω—ã–π –±–æ–≥ –í–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω–∞) –Ω–∞–ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏–ª –º–µ–Ω—è, —á—Ç–æ–±—ã —Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–µ–¥–ª–∏–≤–æ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç—å –ª—é–¥—å–º–∏ –∏ –¥–∞—Ç—å —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–µ —Å—á–∞—Å—Ç—å–µ, —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ —è –≤–ª–æ–∂–∏–ª –≤ —É—Å—Ç–∞ —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω—ã –∏—Å—Ç–∏–Ω—É –∏ —Å–ø—Ä–∞–≤–µ–¥–ª–∏–≤–æ—Å—Ç—å –∏ –±–ª–∞–≥–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–∏–ª –ø–ª–æ—Ç—å –ª—é–¥–µ–π… –•–æ—Ç—è –∫–ª–∏–Ω–æ–ø–∏—Å–Ω–æ–µ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –Ω–µ –∑–Ω–∞–ª–æ –¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è –Ω–∞ –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ–µ –∏ —É–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ–µ, —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å–∏ —Å–≥—Ä—É–ø–ø–∏—Ä–æ–≤–∞–Ω—ã —Ç–µ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ (–ø—Ä–µ–¥–º–µ—Ç–Ω–æ): –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ—Å—Å, —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å, —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è —Å–ª—É–∂–±–∞, –±—Ä–∞–∫ –∏ —Å–µ–º—å—è, –æ–±—è–∑–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∏ —Ç.–¥., –ø—Ä–∏—á—ë–º –∫–∞–∂–¥–∞—è —Ç–µ–º–∞ —Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –∫–∞–∫ —Å —É–≥–æ–ª–æ–≤–Ω–æ-–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–≤–æ–π, —Ç–∞–∫ –∏ —Å –≥—Ä–∞–∂–¥–∞–Ω—Å–∫–æ-–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ–≤–æ–π —Ç–æ—á–∫–∏ –∑—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è. –°—É–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç–∞–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–∑–Ω–∞—é—Ç—Å—è —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π –æ–±—â–∏–Ω–Ω–∏–∫ (–∞–≤–∏–ª—É–º – “—á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫”) –∏ –Ω–µ–ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ–ø—Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã–π —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω—ã–π, –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–∏–π—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–π —Å–ª—É–∂–±–µ (–º—É—à–∫–µ–Ω—É–º – “–ø–∞–¥–∞—é—â–∏–π –Ω–∏—Ü”). –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–º–∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞–º–∏ (–ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ –Ω–∞ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–æ–¥ –∏ –≤–æ–∑–≤—Ä–∞—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–¥–∞–Ω–æ–≥–æ) –ø–æ–ª—å–∑–æ–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω—ã–µ –∂–µ–Ω—â–∏–Ω—ã. –†–∞–±—ã –∏ –¥–µ—Ç–∏ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ª–∏—à—å –∫–∞–∫ –æ–±—ä–µ–∫—Ç—ã –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞.

–í –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–∞—Ö –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ —É–¥–µ–ª—è–ª–æ—Å—å –æ—Å–æ–±–æ–µ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏–µ —É–∫—Ä–µ–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—é –≤–ª–∞—Å—Ç–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ–≤–ª–∞–¥–µ–ª—å—Ü–µ–≤ –Ω–∞–¥ —Ä–∞–±–∞–º–∏, —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ–π —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤–æ–æ–±—â–µ –∏ –æ—Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–µ –∏–Ω—Ç–µ—Ä–µ—Å–æ–≤ —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∏—Ö —Å–ª—É–∂–∏–ª—ã—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π. –í –∫–æ–¥–µ–∫—Å–µ –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∏–º–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, —Ö–æ—Ç—è –∏ –Ω–µ –≤—Å–µ–≥–¥–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ, –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø –≤–∏–Ω—ã –∏ –∑–ª–æ–π –≤–æ–ª–∏. –ù–∞–ø—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä, —É—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–∞–≤–ª–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è —Ä–∞–∑–ª–∏—á–∏–µ –≤ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—É–º—ã—à–ª–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –∏ –Ω–µ—á–∞—è–Ω–Ω–æ–µ —É–±–∏–π—Å—Ç–≤–æ. –ù–æ —Ç–µ–ª–µ—Å–Ω—ã–µ –ø–æ–≤—Ä–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫–∞—Ä–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ –≤–æ—Å—Ö–æ–¥—è—â–µ–º—É –∫ –≥–ª—É–±–æ–∫–æ–π –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –ø—Ä–∏–Ω—Ü–∏–ø—É “–æ–∫–æ –∑–∞ –æ–∫–æ, –∑—É–± –∑–∞ –∑—É–±”. –í –Ω–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã—Ö —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å—è—Ö –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –≤ –æ–ø—Ä–µ–¥–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑–∞–Ω–∏—è –æ—Ç—á—ë—Ç–ª–∏–≤–æ –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω –∫–ª–∞—Å—Å–æ–≤—ã–π –ø–æ–¥—Ö–æ–¥. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ø—Ä–µ–¥—É—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å —Å—É—Ä–æ–≤—ã–µ –∫–∞—Ä—ã –¥–ª—è —Ä–∞–±–æ–≤, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –æ—Ç–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ–¥—á–∏–Ω—è—Ç—å—Å—è —Ö–æ–∑—è–µ–≤–∞–º. –ß–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫, —É–∫—Ä–∞–≤—à–∏–π –∏–ª–∏ —É–∫—Ä—ã–≤—à–∏–π —á—É–∂–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–±–∞, –∫–∞—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–Ω–æ–π –∫–∞–∑–Ω—å—é. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –≤—Ä–∞—á –±—ã–ª –≤–∏–Ω–æ–≤–µ–Ω –≤ –Ω–µ—É–¥–∞—á–Ω–æ–π –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –Ω–∞–¥ “—Å—ã–Ω–æ–º –º—É–∂–∞”, —Ç–æ –æ–Ω –∫–∞—Ä–∞–ª—Å—è –æ—Ç—Å–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏–µ–º —Ä—É–∫–∏, –µ—Å–ª–∏ –æ—Ç —Ç–∞–∫–æ–π –∂–µ –æ–ø–µ—Ä–∞—Ü–∏–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç—Ä–∞–¥–∞–ª —Ä–∞–±, –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –ª–∏—à—å —É–ø–ª–∞—Ç–∏—Ç—å —Ö–æ–∑—è–∏–Ω—É —Å—Ç–æ–∏–º–æ—Å—Ç—å —ç—Ç–æ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–±–∞.

–ï—Å–ª–∏ –ø–æ –≤–∏–Ω–µ —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—è —Ä—É—Ö–Ω—É–ª –¥–æ–º –∏ –≤ –µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–∑–≤–∞–ª–∏–Ω–∞—Ö –ø–æ–≥–∏–± —Å—ã–Ω —Ö–æ–∑—è–∏–Ω–∞ –¥–æ–º–∞, —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å –Ω–∞–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–ª—Å—è —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç—å—é —Å–≤–æ–µ–≥–æ —Å—ã–Ω–∞. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –∫—Ç–æ-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å —É–∫—Ä–∞–ª –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –º—É—à–∫–µ–Ω—É–º–∞, —Ç–æ —É—â–µ—Ä–± –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –≤–æ—Å—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–∏—Ç—å –≤ –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∏–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–º —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–µ, –≤ —Ç–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è –∫–∞–∫ –∑–∞ –∫—Ä–∞–∂—É —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –∏–ª–∏ —Ö—Ä–∞–º–æ–≤–æ–≥–æ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ø—Ä–µ–¥—É—Å–º–∞—Ç—Ä–∏–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –≤–æ–∑–º–µ—â–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ —Ç—Ä–∏–¥—Ü–∞—Ç–∏–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ–º —Ä–∞–∑–º–µ—Ä–µ. –ß—Ç–æ–±—ã –Ω–µ —É–º–µ–Ω—å—à–∏–ª–æ—Å—å —á–∏—Å–ª–æ –≤–æ–∏–Ω–æ–≤ –∏ –Ω–∞–ª–æ–≥–æ–ø–ª–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å—â–∏–∫–æ–≤, –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ —Å—Ç—Ä–µ–º–∏–ª—Å—è –æ–±–ª–µ–≥—á–∏—Ç—å —É—á–∞—Å—Ç—å —Ç–µ—Ö —Å–ª–æ–µ–≤ —Å–≤–æ–±–æ–¥–Ω–æ–≥–æ –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ –Ω–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –≤ —Ç—è–∂—ë–ª–æ–º —ç–∫–æ–Ω–æ–º–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏. –í —á–∞—Å—Ç–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –æ–¥–Ω–∞ –∏–∑ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç–µ–π –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –æ–≥—Ä–∞–Ω–∏—á–∏–≤–∞–ª–∞ –¥–æ–ª–≥–æ–≤–æ–µ —Ä–∞–±—Å—Ç–≤–æ —Ç—Ä–µ–º—è –≥–æ–¥–∞–º–∏ —Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç—ã –Ω–∞ –∫—Ä–µ–¥–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∞, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ —á–µ–≥–æ —Å—Å—É–¥–∞, –Ω–µ–∑–∞–≤–∏—Å–∏–º–æ –æ—Ç –µ—ë —Å—É–º–º—ã, —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∞—Å—å –ø–æ–ª–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å—é –ø–æ–≥–∞—à–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π. –ï—Å–ª–∏ –∏–∑-–∑–∞ —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–∏–π–Ω–æ–≥–æ –±–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∏—è —É—Ä–æ–∂–∞–π –¥–æ–ª–∂–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –±—ã–ª —É–Ω–∏—á—Ç–æ–∂–µ–Ω, —Ç–æ —Å—Ä–æ–∫ –ø–æ–≥–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏—è —Å—Å—É–¥—ã –∏ –ø—Ä–æ—Ü–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –∞–≤—Ç–æ–º–∞—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–Ω–æ—Å–∏–ª—Å—è –Ω–∞ —Å–ª–µ–¥—É—é—â–∏–π –≥–æ–¥. –ù–µ–∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä—ã–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ç—å–∏ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –ø–æ—Å–≤—è—â–µ–Ω—ã –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥–Ω–æ–º—É –ø—Ä–∞–≤—É. –ü–ª–∞—Ç–∞ –∑–∞ –∞—Ä–µ–Ω–¥–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–µ –ø–æ–ª–µ –æ–±—ã—á–Ω–æ —Ä–∞–≤–Ω—è–ª–∞—Å—å 1/3 —É—Ä–æ–∂–∞—è, –∞ —Å–∞–¥–∞ – 2/3.

–ß—Ç–æ–±—ã –±—Ä–∞–∫ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–ª—Å—è –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–º, –Ω–µ–æ–±—Ö–æ–¥–∏–º–æ –±—ã–ª–æ –∑–∞–∫–ª—é—á–∏—Ç—å –∫–æ–Ω—Ç—Ä–∞–∫—Ç. –û—Ç–µ—Ü –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –ª–∏—à–∞—Ç—å —Å—ã–Ω–æ–≤–µ–π –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤–∞, –µ—Å–ª–∏ —Ç–µ –Ω–µ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ä—à–∏–ª–∏ –ø—Ä–µ—Å—Ç—É–ø–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è, –∏ –¥–æ–ª–∂–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª –Ω–∞—É—á–∏—Ç—å –∏—Ö —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª—É. –í–æ–∏–Ω—ã –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∞–ª–∏ –æ—Ç –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –∑–µ–º–µ–ª—å–Ω—ã–µ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–ª—ã –∏ –æ–±—è–∑–∞–Ω—ã –±—ã–ª–∏ –ø–æ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º—É —Ç—Ä–µ–±–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—é —Ü–∞—Ä—è –≤—ã—Å—Ç—É–ø–∏—Ç—å –≤ –ø–æ—Ö–æ–¥. –≠—Ç–∏ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–ª—ã –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–∏—Å—å –ø–æ –Ω–∞—Å–ª–µ–¥—Å—Ç–≤—É –ø–æ –º—É–∂—Å–∫–æ–π –ª–∏–Ω–∏–∏ –∏ –±—ã–ª–∏ –Ω–µ–æ—Ç—á—É–∂–¥–∞–µ–º—ã. –ö—Ä–µ–¥–∏—Ç–æ—Ä –º–æ–≥ –∑–∞–±—Ä–∞—Ç—å –∑–∞ –¥–æ–ª–≥–∏ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ —Ç–æ –∏–º—É—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–æ –≤–æ–∏–Ω–∞, –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–µ —Ç–æ—Ç —Å–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏–æ–±—Ä—ë–ª, –Ω–æ –Ω–µ –Ω–∞–¥–µ–ª, –ø–æ–∂–∞–ª–æ–≤–∞–Ω–Ω—ã–π –µ–º—É —Ü–∞—Ä—ë–º. –ö–æ–¥–µ–∫—Å –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏ —Å—á–∏—Ç–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –∫—Ä—É–ø–Ω–µ–π—à–∏–º –∏ –≤–∞–∂–Ω–µ–π—à–∏–º –ø–∞–º—è—Ç–Ω–∏–∫–æ–º –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∞ –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–π –ú–µ—Å–æ–ø–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏–∏. –ü–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –ø—Ä–æ–¥—É–º–∞–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏, –ª–æ–≥–∏—á–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –∏ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –æ–Ω –Ω–∞ –ø—Ä–æ—Ç—è–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –º–Ω–æ–≥–∏—Ö –≤–µ–∫–æ–≤ –Ω–µ –∏–º–µ–ª —Å–µ–±–µ —Ä–∞–≤–Ω—ã—Ö –≤ –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–¥–∞—Ç–µ–ª—å–Ω–æ–π –ø—Ä–∞–∫—Ç–∏–∫–µ –î—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–µ–≥–æ –í–æ—Å—Ç–æ–∫–∞. –ü–æ–º–∏–º–æ —Å—Ç–æ–ª–±–∞ —Å –∑–∞–∫–æ–Ω–∞–º–∏ –≤ –°—É–∑–∞—Ö, –≤ –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–µ –∞—Å—Å–∏—Ä–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ —Ü–∞—Ä—è VII –≤. –¥–æ –Ω. —ç. –ê—à—à—É—Ä–±–∞–Ω–∞–ø–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –ù–∏–Ω–µ–≤–∏–∏ (–ù–∏–Ω–µ–≤–∏—è – –≤ VIII – VII –≤–≤. –¥–æ –Ω. —ç. —Å—Ç–æ–ª–∏—Ü–∞ –ê—Å—Å–∏—Ä–∏–π—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞. –ù–∞—Ö–æ–¥–∏–ª–∞—Å—å –Ω–∞ —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏–∏ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ò—Ä–∞–∫–∞ (–≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥ –ú–æ—Å—É–ª), –Ω–∞ –ª–µ–≤–æ–º –±–µ—Ä–µ–≥—É —Ä–µ–∫–∏ –¢–∏–≥—Ä –Ω–∞ —Ö–æ–ª–º–∞—Ö –ö—É—é–Ω–¥–∂–∏–∫.
–í–æ –≤—Ä–µ–º—è —Ü–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏—è –ê—à—à—É—Ä–±–∞–Ω–∞–ø–∞–ª–∞ –≤ –ù–∏–Ω–µ–≤–∏–∏ –±—ã–ª–∞ —Å–æ–∑–¥–∞–Ω–∞ –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç–∞—è —Ü–∞—Ä—Å–∫–∞—è –ö—É—é–Ω–¥–∂–∏–∫—Å–∫–∞—è –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∞, –≤ –∫–æ—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–π —Ö—Ä–∞–Ω–∏–ª–æ—Å—å –±–æ–ª–µ–µ 30 —Ç—ã—Å. –∫–ª–∏–Ω–æ–ø–∏—Å–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–∞–±–ª–∏—á–µ–∫. –í 612 –¥–æ –Ω. —ç. –ù–∏–Ω–µ–≤–∏—è –±—ã–ª–∞ —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—à–µ–Ω–∞ –æ–±—ä–µ–¥–∏–Ω—ë–Ω–Ω—ã–º –≤–æ–π—Å–∫–æ–º –≤–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω—è–Ω –∏ –º–∏–¥—è–Ω), –∞ —Ç–∞–∫–∂–µ –ø—Ä–∏ —Ä–∞—Å–∫–æ–ø–∫–∞—Ö –ø–æ–∑–¥–Ω–µ–≤–∞–≤–∏–ª–æ–Ω—Å–∫–∏—Ö –≥–æ—Ä–æ–¥–æ–≤ –±—ã–ª–æ –Ω–∞–π–¥–µ–Ω–æ –æ–∫–æ–ª–æ –¥–≤—É—Ö –¥–µ—Å—è—Ç–∫–æ–≤ —Ñ—Ä–∞–≥–º–µ–Ω—Ç–æ–≤ –∫–æ–ø–∏–π –ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω–æ–≤ –•–∞–º–º—É—Ä–∞–ø–∏. –ó–∞–∫–æ–Ω –∏ –ø—Ä–∞–≤–æ—Å—É–¥–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–∏ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–æ–ø–æ–ª–∞–≥–∞—é—â–∏–º–∏ –ø–æ–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è–º–∏ –∏ –¥–ª—è –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏—Ö —à—É–º–µ—Ä–æ–≤ (–®—É–º–µ—Ä—ã – –¥—Ä–µ–≤–Ω–∏–π –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥, –≤ IV – III —Ç—ã—Å—è—á–µ–ª–µ—Ç–∏—è—Ö –¥–æ –Ω. —ç. –Ω–∞—Å–µ–ª—è–≤—à–∏–π —Ç–µ—Ä—Ä–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–∏—é –¥–æ–ª–∏–Ω—ã —Ä–µ–∫ –¢–∏–≥—Ä–∞ –∏ –ï–≤—Ñ—Ä–∞—Ç–∞ –Ω–∞ —é–≥–µ —Å–æ–≤—Ä–µ–º–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≥–æ—Å—É–¥–∞—Ä—Å—Ç–≤–∞ –ò—Ä–∞–∫ (–Æ–∂–Ω–∞—è –ú–µ—Å–æ–ø–æ—Ç–∞–º–∏—è –∏–ª–∏ –Æ–∂–Ω–æ–µ –î–≤—É—Ä–µ—á—å–µ). –®—É–º–µ—Ä–∞–º –ø—Ä–∏–Ω–∞–¥–ª–µ–∂–∏—Ç –∏–∑–æ–±—Ä–µ—Ç–µ–Ω–∏–µ –∫–ª–∏–Ω–æ–ø–∏—Å–Ω–æ–≥–æ –ø–∏—Å—å–º–∞, –≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω–æ, –∫–æ–ª–µ—Å–∞, –æ–±–æ–∂–∂—ë–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –∫–∏—Ä–ø–∏—á–∞, —Å–∏—Å—Ç–µ–º—ã –æ—Ä–æ—à–µ–Ω–∏—è. –ê—Ä—Ö–µ–æ–ª–æ–≥–∏ –æ–±–Ω–∞—Ä—É–∂–∏–ª–∏ —Ç—ã—Å—è—á–∏ –≥–ª–∏–Ω—è–Ω—ã—Ö —Ç–∞–±–ª–∏—á–µ–∫ —Å–æ –≤—Å–µ–≤–æ–∑–º–æ–∂–Ω—ã–º–∏ —é—Ä–∏–¥–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–∏–º–∏ —Ç–µ–∫—Å—Ç–∞–º–∏: –¥–æ–≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∞–º–∏, —Å–æ–≥–ª–∞—à–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏, –∑–∞–≤–µ—â–∞–Ω–∏—è–º–∏, –≤–µ–∫—Å–µ–ª—è–º–∏, —Ä–∞—Å–ø–∏—Å–∫–∞–º–∏, —Å—É–¥–µ–±–Ω—ã–º–∏ –ø–æ—Å—Ç–∞–Ω–æ–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏—è–º–∏.

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