–ó–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏—è –∫—Ä—ã–ª–∞—Ç—ã—Ö –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–π – –ê –í–∞—Å—å–∫–∞ —Å–ª—É—à–∞–µ—Ç –¥–∞ –µ—Å—Ç, –ê –≤–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º –æ–Ω –¥–æ–π–¥–µ—Ç –¥–æ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–ø–µ–π –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö, –ê –≤—Å–µ-—Ç–∞–∫–∏ –æ–Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ç—Å—è, –ê –≤—ã –¥—Ä—É–∑—å—è –∫–∞–∫ –Ω–∏ —Å–∞–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å

“–ê –í–∞—Å—å–∫–∞ —Å–ª—É—à–∞–µ—Ç –¥–∞ –µ—Å—Ç“

–¶–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–∞ –∏–∑ –±–∞—Å–Ω–∏ –ò. –ê. –ö—Ä—ã–ª–æ–≤–∞ (1768‚Äî1844) “–ö–æ—Ç –∏ –ø–æ–≤–∞—Ä” (1813). –£–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –∑–Ω–∞—á–µ–Ω–∏–∏: –æ–¥–∏–Ω –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä–∏—Ç, –∞ –¥—Ä—É–≥–æ–π –Ω–µ –æ–±—Ä–∞—â–∞–µ—Ç –Ω–∞ –Ω–µ–≥–æ –Ω–∏–∫–∞–∫–æ–≥–æ –≤–Ω–∏–º–∞–Ω–∏—è.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—ã –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
1. –í–æ–π–Ω–∞ –∑–∞—Ç—è–≥–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è, —Ä–∞–∑—Ä—É—Ö–∞ –≥—Ä–æ–∑–∏—Ç, –∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç—ã –Ω–∞–∂–∏–≤–∞—é—Ç—Å—è, –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ–≤–∏–∫–∏ –∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç –∏ –≥—Ä–æ–∑—è—Ç, –≥—Ä–æ–∑—è—Ç –∏ –≥–æ–≤–æ—Ä—è—Ç… –ö–æ—Ç-–í–∞—Å—å–∫–∞ (–∫–∞–ø–∏—Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å—Ç—ã) —Å–ª—É—à–∞–µ—Ç –¥–∞ –µ—Å—Ç (–í. –ò. –õ–µ–Ω–∏–Ω “–ß–µ—Ä–Ω—ã–µ –∑–∞ –∫–∞–¥–µ—Ç–æ–≤, –º–µ–Ω—å—à–µ–≤–∏–∫–∏ –∏ –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏–∫–∏ –≤ –æ–¥–Ω–æ–º –ø—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç–µ–ª—å—Å—Ç–≤–µ —Å –∫–∞–¥–µ—Ç–∞–º–∏”, –°–æ—á., —Ç. 24, —Å. 491).
2. –û—Å–æ–±–µ–Ω–Ω–æ —É—Ö–∞–∂–∏–≤–∞–µ—Ç –∑–∞ –Ω–∏–º –¥–µ–≤–∏—Ü–∞ –í–∞—Ç–∞, –ø–æ–ª—Ç–∞–≤—Å–∫–∞—è –∏–Ω—Å—Ç–∏—Ç—É—Ç–∫–∞…. –ê –æ–Ω “—Å–ª—É—à–∞–µ—Ç –¥–∞ –µ—Å—Ç” –∏ –∫—É—Ä–∏—Ç —Å–≤–æ–∏ —Å–∏–≥–∞—Ä—ã (–ê. –ü. –ß–µ—Ö–æ–≤, “–ü–∏—Å—å–º–æ –∫ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–∏–Ω—É” 30 –º–∞—è 1888 –≥–æ–¥).

“–ê –≤–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º –æ–Ω –¥–æ–π–¥–µ—Ç –¥–æ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–µ–π –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö“

–¶–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–∞ –∏–∑ –∫–æ–º–µ–¥–∏–∏ –ê. –°. –ì—Ä–∏–±–æ–µ–¥–æ–≤–∞ “–ì–æ—Ä–µ –æ—Ç —É–º–∞” (1824), –¥–µ–π—Å—Ç–≤–∏–µ 1, —è–≤–ª–µ–Ω–∏–µ 7, —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞ –ß–∞—Ü–∫–æ–≥–æ: –ê –≤–ø—Ä–æ—á–µ–º, –æ–Ω –¥–æ–π–¥–µ—Ç –¥–æ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–µ–π –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω—ã—Ö, –í–µ–¥—å –Ω—ã–Ω—á–µ –ª—é–±—è—Ç –±–µ—Å—Å–ª–æ–≤–µ—Å–Ω—ã—Ö. –¶–∏—Ç–∏—Ä—É–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤ –ø—Ä–∏–º–µ–Ω–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∫ —Ç–µ–º, –∫—Ç–æ —É–≥–æ–¥–Ω–∏—á–∞–µ—Ç –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –∫–µ–º-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å. –ë–ª–∏–∑–∫–æ–µ –∫ —ç—Ç–æ–º—É –≤—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –≤ —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–∏. –ò. –ò. –î–º–∏—Ç—Ä–∏–µ–≤–∞ “–ú–æ–¥–Ω–∞—è –∂–µ–Ω–∞” (1792): –í—Å–µ –ø–æ–ª–∑, –¥–∞ –ø–æ–ª–∑, –¥–∞ –±–∏–ª —á–µ–ª–æ–º –ò, –Ω–∞–∫–æ–Ω–µ—Ü, —Ç–∞–∫–∏–º –Ω–µ–≤–∏–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Ä–µ–º–µ—Å–ª–æ–º ‚Äî –î–æ–ø–æ–ª–∑ –¥–æ —Å—Ç–µ–ø–µ–Ω–∏ –∏–∑–≤–µ—Å—Ç–Ω–∞ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞.

“–ê –≤—Å–µ-—Ç–∞–∫–∏ –æ–Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ç—Å—è“

–í—ã—Ä–∞–∂–µ–Ω–∏–µ –ø—Ä–∏–ø–∏—Å—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –≤–µ–ª–∏–∫–æ–º—É –∏—Ç–∞–ª—å—è–Ω—Å–∫–æ–º—É –∞—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–Ω–æ–º—É, —Ñ–∏–∑–∏–∫—É –∏ –º–µ—Ö–∞–Ω–∏–∫—É –ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ–æ –ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ—é (1564‚Äî1642). –ü—Ä–∏–≤–ª–µ—á–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π –∫ —Å—É–¥—É –∏–Ω–∫–≤–∏–∑–∏—Ü–∏–∏ –∑–∞ –ø—Ä–∏–≤–µ—Ä–∂–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç—å –∫ “–µ—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–º—É” —É—á–µ–Ω–∏—é –ö–æ–ø–µ—Ä–Ω–∏–∫–∞ –æ –¥–≤–∏–∂–µ–Ω–∏–∏ –∑–µ–º–ª–∏, –æ–Ω –≤—ã–Ω—É–∂–¥–µ–Ω –±—ã–ª, —Å—Ç–æ—è –Ω–∞ –∫–æ–ª–µ–Ω—è—Ö, –ø–æ–∫–ª—è—Å—Ç—å—Å—è –≤ —Ç–æ–º, —á—Ç–æ –æ—Ç—Ä–µ–∫–∞–µ—Ç—Å—è –æ—Ç –µ—Ä–µ—Å–∏. –ü–æ –ª–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–µ, –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ –æ—Ç—Ä–µ—á–µ–Ω–∏—è, –ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ–π, —Ç–æ–ø–Ω—É–≤ –Ω–æ–≥–æ–π, —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞–ª: “Eppur si muove” (“–ê –≤—Å–µ-—Ç–∞–∫–∏ –æ–Ω–∞ –≤–µ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ç—Å—è”). –õ–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–∞ —ç—Ç–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∞ –Ω–∞ —Å–æ–æ–±—â–µ–Ω–∏–∏ —Ñ—Ä–∞–Ω—Ü—É–∑—Å–∫–æ–≥–æ –ø–∏—Å–∞—Ç–µ–ª—è –¢—Ä—ç–ª–∞ (Augustin Simon Trailh, 1717‚Äî1794) –≤ –µ–≥–æ –∫–Ω–∏–≥–µ “–õ–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä–Ω—ã–µ —Ä–∞—Å–ø—Ä–∏”, –ü–∞—Ä–∏–∂, 1761 (Biichmann, Gefliigelte Worte). –ü–æ–∑–¥–Ω–µ–µ, –Ω–∞ –æ—Å–Ω–æ–≤–∞–Ω–∏–∏ –¥–æ–∫—É–º–µ–Ω—Ç–∞–ª—å–Ω—ã—Ö –¥–∞–Ω–Ω—ã—Ö, –ª–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–∞ –±—ã–ª–∞ –æ–ø—Ä–æ–≤–µ—Ä–≥–Ω—É—Ç–∞ (“–ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ–æ –ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ–π”, –°–±., –ø–æ—Å–≤—è—â–µ–Ω–Ω—ã–π 300-–ª—ë—Ç–Ω–µ–π –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤—â–∏–Ω–µ —Å–æ –¥–Ω—è —Å–º–µ—Ä—Ç–∏ –ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ–æ –ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ—è, –ú.–õ. 1943, —Å. 120). –õ–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–∞—Ä–Ω–∞—è —Ñ—Ä–∞–∑–∞ –ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ—è, –ø–æ–ª—É—á–∏–≤—à–∞—è –∫—Ä—ã–ª–∞—Ç–æ—Å—Ç—å, —É–ø–æ—Ç—Ä–µ–±–ª—è–µ—Ç—Å—è –∫–∞–∫ —Ñ–æ—Ä–º—É–ª–∞ –Ω–µ–∫–æ–ª–µ–±–∏–º–æ–π —É–±–µ–∂–¥–µ–Ω–Ω–æ—Å—Ç–∏ –≤ —á–µ–º-–ª–∏–±–æ.
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä—ã –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
–í—Å–ø–æ–º–Ω–∏—Ç–µ —Å—Ç–∞—Ä–∏–∫–∞ –ì–∞–ª–∏–ª–µ—è. –ü–æ–¥—É–º–∞–π—Ç–µ, –ø–æ—á–µ–º—É –æ–Ω –ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥ –ø–∞–ø—Å–∫–∏–º –∏–Ω–∫–≤–∏–∑–∏—Ü–∏–æ–Ω–Ω—ã–º —Å—É–¥–æ–º –Ω–µ –ø–æ–±–æ—è–ª—Å—è –ø—Ä–æ–∏–∑–Ω–µ—Å—Ç–∏ –∑–Ω–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏—Ç—ã–µ —Å–ª–æ–≤–∞: “–ê –æ–Ω–∞ –≤—Å–µ-—Ç–∞–∫–∏ –≤–µ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ç—Å—è”, ‚Äî –ø–æ–¥—É–º–∞–π—Ç–µ –æ–± —ç—Ç–æ–º, –∏ –≤—ã —É–≤–∏–¥–∏—Ç–µ, –∫–∞–∫–æ–π –º–æ–≥—É—á–∏–π –∏ –Ω–µ–∑–∞–º–µ–Ω–∏–º—ã–π —Ç–∞–ª–∏—Å–º–∞–Ω —Å–æ—Å—Ç–∞–≤–ª—è—é—Ç –¥–ª—è –º—ã—Å–ª—è—â–µ–≥–æ —á–µ–ª–æ–≤–µ–∫–∞ –ª—é–±–∏–º—ã–µ –∑–∞–Ω—è—Ç–∏—è –µ–≥–æ –º—ã—Å–ª–∏ (–î. –ò. –ü–∏—Å–∞—Ä–µ–≤, “–ù–∞—à–∞ —É–Ω–∏–≤–µ—Ä—Å–∏—Ç–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∞—è –Ω–∞—É–∫–∞”, 15).
–ß—Ç–æ –¥–µ–ª–∞—Ç—å, –µ—Å–ª–∏ —Å–æ–≤–µ—Ç—Å–∫–∏–µ –ª—é–¥–∏ —Å—Ä–æ–¥–Ω–∏–ª–∏—Å—å –∏ —Å—Ä–æ—Å–ª–∏—Å—å —Å–æ —Å–≤–æ–µ–π –∫–æ–º–º—É–Ω–∏—Å—Ç–∏—á–µ—Å–∫–æ–π –ø–∞—Ä—Ç–∏–µ–π. –ê –µ—Å–ª–∏ –∫–æ–º—É-–Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å –∑–∞ —Ä—É–±–µ–∂–æ–º —ç—Ç–æ –≤—Å–µ –∂–µ –Ω–µ –Ω—Ä–∞–≤–∏—Ç—Å—è, —Ç–æ —Ç–∞–∫–∏—Ö –ª—é–¥–µ–π –º—ã –º–æ–∂–µ–º —É—Ç–µ—à–∏—Ç—å: —Ç–µ–ø–µ—Ä—å –∏ –≤ –¥—Ä—É–≥–∏—Ö —Å—Ç—Ä–∞–Ω–∞—Ö –Ω–µ—Ä–µ–¥–∫–æ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ –≤—Å—Ç—Ä–µ—Ç–∏—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –∫–æ–º–º—É–Ω–∏—Å—Ç—ã, –∫–∞–∫ —Ä—É–∫–æ–≤–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ–ª–∏, –ø–æ–ª—å–∑—É—é—Ç—Å—è –¥–æ–≤–µ—Ä–∏–µ–º —à–∏—Ä–æ–∫–∏—Ö –º–∞—Å—Å –Ω–∞—Ä–æ–¥–∞. –≠—Ç–æ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–æ–∫–∞–∑—ã–≤–∞–µ—Ç, —á—Ç–æ —É—Ä–æ–∫–∏ –∂–∏–∑–Ω–∏ –Ω–µ –ø—Ä–æ—Ö–æ–¥—è—Ç –¥–∞—Ä–æ–º. –ó–Ω–∞—á–∏—Ç, –∑–µ–º–ª—è –Ω–µ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –≤–µ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ç—Å—è, –Ω–æ –º–æ–∂–Ω–æ —Å–∫–∞–∑–∞—Ç—å, —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∞ –Ω–µ –∑—Ä—è –≤–µ—Ä—Ç–∏—Ç—Å—è –∏ —á—Ç–æ –æ–Ω–∞ –∏–º–µ–µ—Ç —Å–≤–æ–π –ø—É—Ç—å –≤–ø–µ—Ä–µ–¥, –∫ —Å–≤–æ–µ–º—É –ª—É—á—à–µ–º—É –±—É–¥—É—â–µ–º—É (–í. –ú. –ú–æ–ª–æ—Ç–æ–≤, “–í–æ–ø—Ä–æ—Å—ã –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω–µ–π –ø–æ–ª–∏—Ç–∏–∫–∏”, –ú. 1948, —Å. 23).

“–ê –≤—ã –¥—Ä—É–∑—å—è, –∫–∞–∫ –Ω–∏ —Å–∞–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å, –í—Å–µ –≤ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç—ã –Ω–µ –≥–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å“

–¶–∏—Ç–∞—Ç–∞ –∏–∑ –±–∞—Å–Ω–∏ –ò. –ê. –ö—Ä—ã–ª–æ–≤–∞ “–ö–≤–∞—Ä—Ç–µ—Ç” (1811).
–ü—Ä–∏–º–µ—Ä –∏–∑ –ª–∏—Ç–µ—Ä–∞—Ç—É—Ä—ã:
–í—Å–µ —Ö–æ—á–µ—Ç—Å—è –º–Ω–µ —É—Å—Ç—Ä–æ–∏—Ç—å —Å–≤–æ—é –≤–Ω–µ—à–Ω—é—é –∂–∏–∑–Ω—å, —è –∏ —Ç–∞–∫, –∏ —ç—Ç–∞–∫, –∏ –≤—Å—è —ç—Ç–∞ –≤–æ–∑–Ω—è —Å —Å–æ–±—Å—Ç–≤–µ–Ω–Ω–æ–π –æ—Å–æ–±–æ–π –∫–æ–Ω—á–∏—Ç—Å—è —Ç–µ–º, —á—Ç–æ –∫–∞–∫–æ–π –Ω–∏–±—É–¥—å —Å—Ç—Ä–æ–≥–∏–π –ò–∫—Å —Å–∫–∞–∂–µ—Ç: –∫–∞–∫ –í—ã –Ω–∏ —Å–∞–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å, –∞ –≤—Å–µ –≤ –º—É–∑—ã–∫–∞–Ω—Ç—ã –Ω–µ –≥–æ–¥–∏—Ç–µ—Å—å! (–ê. –ü. –ß–µ—Ö–æ–≤, “–ü–∏—Å—å–º–æ –∫ –°—É–≤–æ—Ä–∏–Ω—É” 8 –¥–µ–∫–∞–±—Ä—è 1892 –≥–æ–¥–∞)

“–ê –≤—ã –Ω–∞ –∑–µ–º–ª–µ –ø—Ä–æ–∂–∏–≤–µ—Ç–µ,
–ö–∞–∫ —á–µ—Ä–≤–∏ —Å–ª–µ–ø—ã–µ –∂–∏–≤—É—Ç:
–ù–∏ —Å–∫–∞–∑–æ–∫ –ø—Ä–æ –≤–∞—Å –ø–µ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∂—É—Ç.
–ù–∏ –ø–µ—Å–µ–Ω –ø—Ä–æ –≤–∞—Å –ø–µ —Å–ø–æ—é—Ç“

–ö–æ–Ω—Ü–æ–≤–∫–∞ –∏–∑ –ø–µ—Ä–µ—Ä–∞–±–æ—Ç–∞–Ω–Ω–æ–≥–æ –≤–∞—Ä–∏–∞–Ω—Ç–∞ —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏—è –ú. –ì–æ—Ä—å–∫–æ–≥–æ (–≤—Ö–æ–¥–∏–≤—à–µ–≥–æ —Ä–∞–Ω–µ–µ –≤ —Ä–∞—Å—Å–∫–∞–∑ “–û –º–∞–ª–µ–Ω—å–∫–æ–π —Ñ–µ–µ –∏ –º–æ–ª–æ–¥–æ–º —á–∞–±–∞–Ω–µ”, 1895), –Ω–∞–ø–∏—Å–∞–Ω–Ω–∞—è –≤ –Ω–∞—á–∞–ª–µ 900-—Ö –≥–æ–¥–æ–≤. –í 1903 –≥–æ–¥—É —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–æ—Ç–≤–æ—Ä–µ–Ω–∏–µ –±—ã–ª–æ –ø–æ–ª–æ–∂–µ–Ω–æ –Ω–∞ –º—É–∑—ã–∫—É –∫–æ–º–ø–æ–∑–∏—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –ê. –°–ø–µ–Ω–¥–∏–∞—Ä–æ–≤—ã–º –∏ —Ç–æ–≥–¥–∞ –∂–µ –≤–ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã–µ –Ω–∞–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–Ω–æ –ø—Ä–∏ –Ω–æ—Ç–∞—Ö. –í –¥–∞–ª—å–Ω–µ–π—à–µ–º –Ω–µ–æ–¥–Ω–æ–∫—Ä–∞—Ç–Ω–æ –ø–µ—Ä–µ–∏–∑–¥–∞–≤–∞–ª–æ—Å—å –ø–æ–¥ –∑–∞–≥–ª–∞–≤–∏–µ–º “–í–∞–ª–∞—à—Å–∫–∞—è –ª–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–∞”, “–†—ã–±–∞–∫ –∏ —Ñ–µ—è”, “–§–µ—è”; –≤ 1906 –≥–æ–¥—É –Ω–∞–ø–µ—á–∞—Ç–∞–Ω–æ –∞–≤—Ç–æ—Ä–æ–º –ø–æ–¥ –∑–∞–≥–ª–∞–≤–∏–µ–º “–õ–µ–≥–µ–Ω–¥–∞ –æ –ú–∞—Ä–∫–æ”, –≤ –ø–µ—Ä–≤–æ–º –≤—ã–ø—É—Å–∫–µ “–î–µ—à–µ–≤–æ–π –±–∏–±–ª–∏–æ—Ç–µ–∫–∏” —Ç–æ–≤–∞—Ä–∏—â–µ—Å—Ç–≤–∞ “–ó–Ω–∞–Ω–∏–µ”. –¶–∏—Ç–∏—Ä—É—é—Ç—Å—è –∏–Ω–æ–≥–¥–∞ —Ç–æ–ª—å–∫–æ –¥–≤–∞ –ø–µ—Ä–≤—ã—Ö —Å—Ç–∏—Ö–∞ –∏–ª–∏ –¥–≤–∞ –ø–æ—Å–ª–µ–¥–Ω–∏—Ö.